Question 1

Bandura and Cervone found that performance on a strenuous bicycling task was highest when the participants

Accepted Answer

A) set no goals and received no feedback 
B) only set goals 
C) only received feedback 
D) both set goals and received feedback

Question 2

Fozzie and Waldorf have been friends for a long time. While they've always had some things in common, there is also lots that is different about them. One of those differences is how sociable they tend to be. Fozzie is always looking for things to do with other people, whereas Waldorf tends to prefer spending more time by himself. Fozzie would be considered high on extraversion. All other things being equal, based on research discussed in your textbook, which of these factors could be predicted to vary across Fozzie and Waldorf?

Accepted Answer

A) neurogenesis 
B) dopamine activity 
C) immune function 
D) empathy 
E) income

Question 3

Unstable or unrealistically high self-esteem may be even more dangerous to the individual and society than __________.

Accepted Answer

A) low self-control 
B) high self-verification 
C) low self-congruence 
D) low self-esteem

Question 4

Jeff likes to smoke cigars and when he doesn't have one of these, he often likes to suck on breath mints or other hard candies. In social situations, he tends to talk a lot, and because he really enjoys eating, is a little overweight. According to Freud's theory, Jeff most likely experienced a fixation at which psychosexual stage of development?

Accepted Answer

A) Anal 
B) Genital 
C) Oral 
D) Phallic

Question 5

In what way is factor analysis based on correlation, and how is it used to identify personality traits?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In what way is factor analysis based...

Question 6

A student believes that if they go out partying with friends tonight, it is very likely that they will fail his history midterm tomorrow. The student's perception about the consequences of their behaviour and the likelihood of these consequences would best be considered an example of Julian Rotter's concept of ________.

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement value 
B) self-verification 
C) self-efficacy 
D) expectancy

Question 7

Research indicates that, in general, men in Western cultures tend to have self-concepts that are more individualistic than are women's, while women in Western cultures tend to have self-concepts that are more _________________ than are men's.

Accepted Answer

A) self-enhancing 
B) collectivistic 
C) self-consistent 
D) self-actualized

Question 8

When used for research purposes, one of the advantages of the structured interview format is that it

Accepted Answer

A) significantly reduces problems associated with social desirability 
B) completely eliminates problems associated with the interviewer biases 
C) uses several different personality assessment methods simultaneously 
D) creates a standardized situation that permits easier interpretation and comparison of responses

Question 9

Based on the fact that Joe is a quiet person who likes to spend his evenings alone listening to music or watching a movie, you might predict that he would turn down an invitation to a huge party on campus. This prediction is based on the fact that these behaviours are all similar enough that Joe will behave in a similar way in each situation. In this case, this behaviour pattern identifies _________________.

Accepted Answer

A) an evolutionary analysis of Joe's personality 
B) a rationalization of Joe's behaviour over time 
C) one major dimension of Joe's personality 
D) an unstable identity trait for Joe

Question 10

Which of the following best captures the orientation of the object relations approach?

Accepted Answer

A) It focuses on childhood sexuality and defence mechanisms. 
B) It focuses on the mental images created by significant experiences with caregivers. 
C) It focuses on people's motives to advance the welfare of others and to compensate for real or imagined defects. 
D) It focuses on our innate tendencies for growth and self-actualization.

Question 11

A psychology professor emphasizes the role of conscious experiences, and an individual's creative potential and inborn striving for self-actualization as the foundations of personality. The professor is a proponent of the ___________.

Accepted Answer

A) psychodynamic perspective 
B) humanistic perspective 
C) trait perspective 
D) social-cognitive perspective

Question 12

You are really upset with your brother, but you know that you cannot tell him that you hate him because mom and dad will be angry. So you tell everyone that it is your brother who really hates you. According to Freud, this reflects the defence mechanism of

Accepted Answer

A) denial 
B) projection 
C) sublimation 
D) reaction formation 
E) rationalization

Question 13

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are both examples of what are called

Accepted Answer

A) projective tests 
B) empirically derived tests 
C) behavioural assessments 
D) objective measures of personality

Question 14

All of the following concepts are associated with researcher Julian Rotter EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) expectancy 
B) reinforcement value 
C) behavioural signatures 
D) locus of control

Question 15

According to Freud's theory of personality, part of the personality present at birth contains inborn biological drives and operates under the pleasure principle. This is the _______.

Accepted Answer

A) ego 
B) superego 
C) alter ego 
D) id

Question 16

The activities of the ______________ are primarily governed by the pleasure principle.

Accepted Answer

A) id 
B) ego 
C) preconscious mind 
D) superego

Question 17

Hanna is seeing a clinical psychologist. Her psychologist focuses on helping her become the best person that she can be. Her psychologist most likely follows the

Accepted Answer

A) psychodynamic perspective 
B) humanistic perspective 
C) social cognitive theories 
D) trait and biological perspective 
E) jungian perspective

Question 18

Elijah often worries about his future. He almost always lies awake the night before a test, concerned that he will fail. On the rare occasion that he does receive a grade that is lower than the one for which he had hoped, he becomes depressed and irritable. His friends tease him that he takes everything far too seriously or is going to have a nervous breakdown before he reaches 20. Based on this information and relying on the Five Factor model, we can say that Elijah would be most likely to score high in

Accepted Answer

A) agreeableness. 
B) neuroticism. 
C) openness. 
D) conscientiousness. 
E) Extraversion.

Question 19

What is a structured interview? What are its advantages over informal approaches?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a structured interview? What are...

Question 20

Doris had an abusive father and now has a difficult time relating to men. From the perspective of _______________ theories, she has likely developed a negative internal representation of intimate relationships with men based on her experience with her father.

Accepted Answer

A) behaviourist 
B) Freudian 
C) object relations 
D) None of the choices

Exam 14: Personality