Question 1

What is the closest estimate of the total number of people worldwide afflicted with HIV in 2011?

Accepted Answer

A) more than 14 million 
B) more than 24 million 
C) more than 34 million 
D) more than 44 million

Question 2

Jane is a frequent user of pain-relieving medications.Jill uses pain-relieving medications less frequently.How will the two women respond to pain-management programs?

Accepted Answer

A) both are equally likely to benefit. 
B) Jane will be unable to benefit. 
C) Jane is more likely to benefit. 
D) Jane is less likely to benefit.

Question 3

Which of the following is one of the important items in the comprehensive pain management programs' daily stress record?

Accepted Answer

A) parasympathetic reactions 
B) empathetic reactions 
C) angry reactions 
D) triggers

Question 4

What theory of pain accommodates both psychological and physical factors?

Accepted Answer

A) gate control theory of pain 
B) psychophysiological pain theory 
C) behavioural medicine theory 
D) operant maintenance theory

Question 5

What is the final process in the activation of the HPA axis?

Accepted Answer

A) stimulation of the pituitary gland by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) 
B) secretion of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) by the hypothalamus 
C) secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland 
D) activation of the adrenal gland by the pituitary gland

Question 6

In which of the following cases is six-year-old Madison most likely to maintain the safety skills she learned for riding her bicycle?

Accepted Answer

A) if assessments of her safety skills are continued 
B) if the bicycle is equipped with the latest safety technology 
C) if she rides her bicycle every day instead of just occasionally 
D) if she is warned repeatedly by parents and teachers

Question 7

Studies that have examined neurobiological causes of hypertension have focused on two factors that are central to the regulation of blood pressure.What are these factors?

Accepted Answer

A) autonomic nervous system activity and the cardiovascular response to stress 
B) the cerebellum and the flight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system 
C) the limbic system and the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system 
D) autonomic nervous system activity and mechanisms regulating sodium in the kidneys

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of the phenomenon known as "operant control" of pain behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A) Kim is recovering from a broken leg.Although she is walking on crutches, she has been trying to be as independent as possible. 
B) Janet had to have a finger amputated after it was partially severed in a slicing accident.Since she feels discomfort in the missing finger, she has been diagnosed with phantom limb pain. 
C) Kate's family has always been critical and demanding.However, since her accident, family members have become caring and sympathetic. 
D) Mary suffers from chronic back pain.However, she rarely complains to others about the pain and tries to keep her facial expressions from showing that she is in pain.Recently, her doctor reduced her pain medication.

Question 9

Paula has chronic pain and does not want to rely on analgesics.Based on current research, what can Paula combine with biofeedback to effectively treat her pain?

Accepted Answer

A) medication 
B) psychotherapy 
C) a placebo 
D) relaxation procedures

Question 10

According to the principles of health psychology, what is the best protection against acquiring AIDS?

Accepted Answer

A) choosing sexual abstinence even after years of being sexually active 
B) being treated for HIV before it develops into AIDS 
C) changing risky behaviours that can lead to disease acquisition 
D) getting an injection of the AIDS vaccine

Question 11

When is an HIV-infected person most likely to receive an AIDS diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A) after the infection is discovered 
B) upon the development of AIDS-related complex 
C) only after the development of one of several serious diseases (e.g., wasting syndrome) 
D) when the physician decides that they are psychologically prepared for the diagnosis

Question 12

Marek's parents have high blood pressure.How does Marek's risk of developing high blood pressure compare to that of children whose parents don't have high blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

A) his risk is marginally higher 
B) he has twice the risk 
C) he has three times the risk 
D) he has four times the risk

Question 13

One of the most successful efforts to reduce risk factors for a medical condition involved three entire communities in California, in which residents received one of three different types of interventions or no intervention at all.What was the targeted condition in this effort?

Accepted Answer

A) heart disease 
B) cancer 
C) obesity 
D) diabetes

Question 14

According to Bongaarts and Over (2010), when did adult and child deaths from AIDS begin to level off because of aggressive treatment and prevention efforts in some parts of the world?

Accepted Answer

A) 2000 
B) 2004 
C) 2006 
D) 2008

Question 15

In the behavioural change program to address the high rate of smoking in China, what was the most innovative aspect of that program?

Accepted Answer

A) It was the parents of smokers who intervened with their children to stop smoking. 
B) It was the spouses of smokers who intervened with their partners to stop smoking. 
C) It was the children of smokers who intervened with their fathers to stop smoking. 
D) The government paid people to stop smoking.

Question 16

What happens when the HPA axis is activated?

Accepted Answer

A) The adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone cortisol. 
B) The hippocampus secretes corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). 
C) The pituitary gland (via the parasympathetic nervous system) activates the adrenal glands. 
D) CRF stimulates the thyroid gland.

Question 17

What change in public health led to the shift being referred to as the second revolution?

Accepted Answer

A) the focus from infectious disease shifted to life-threatening illnesses such as cancer 
B) the focus from infectious disease shifted to sexually transmitted infections 
C) the focus from infectious disease shifted to psychological and behavioural factors affecting health 
D) the focus from infectious disease shifted to the cultural and political context of health issues

Question 18

To reduce sexual infections among inner-city black females, a program called SIHLE (Sistas Informing, Healing, Living, Empowering) was developed.Unlike other prevention programs, what was the focus of this program?

Accepted Answer

A) cognitive decision-making skills 
B) building motivation through instilling pride 
C) providing condoms 
D) developing relationships with community health-care providers

Question 19

Which term suggests that psychological factors affect physical functioning?

Accepted Answer

A) psychobiological 
B) somatoform 
C) psychosomatic 
D) psychosocial

Question 20

It has been suggested that biofeedback relieves the pain of tension headaches because it "teaches people to relax." What is the more likely reason?

Accepted Answer

A) The apparent relief of the patient's pain is the result of the sensory adaptation process occurring in the therapeutic session. 
B) The biofeedback training gives patients a sense of control over their headache pain. 
C) Biofeedback has a "numbing effect" because it affects the nerve endings in the somatic nervous system. 
D) Patients experience a placebo effect because the headache pain returns once the biofeedback sessions are completed.

Exam 18: The Psychology of Health and Illness