Question 1

One of the ways in which the immune system is weakened in AIDS patients is that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) directly attacks certain lymphocytes.Which lymphocytes are these?

Accepted Answer

A) T4 (helper cells) 
B) killer T cells 
C) suppressor T cells 
D) B cells

Question 2

In Sharpe's chronic fatigue syndrome model, key lifestyle attributes were identified.Which of the following was an identified lifestyle?

Accepted Answer

A) asks for help 
B) achievement oriented 
C) puts on a brave face 
D) poor work ethic

Question 3

What happens when the presence of too many helper T cells result in the immune system attacking the body's normal cells rather than the antigens?

Accepted Answer

A) stress 
B) an autoimmune disease 
C) production of antibodies 
D) regulation of the immune system

Question 4

Which term did Bandura use to describe the confidence we have to cope with stress or challenges?

Accepted Answer

A) self-efficacy 
B) sense of control 
C) depressive sensitivity 
D) emotionality

Question 5

In the 1989 massive antismoking campaign in China, the results indicated that 12 percent of the 10 000 fathers in the intervention group quit smoking for at least six months.In a control group of 10 000, how many quit smoking?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.1 percent 
B) 0.2 percent 
C) 2.2 percent 
D) 4.0 percent

Question 6

Explore how changes in attitudes and lifestyle behaviours contribute to illness and death.Give examples of behaviours that are known to have a negative impact on health.Why are individuals resistant to behavioural change?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explore how changes in attitudes and lifestyle...

Question 7

Discuss chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and chronic pain.Relate CFS to the condition known as neurasthenia.What psychological factors are thought to maintain chronic pain?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and chronic...

Question 8

What type of stress may be more problematic for the immune system than acute stress, because the effects are longer lasting?

Accepted Answer

A) chronic stress 
B) work-related stress 
C) psychological stress 
D) relationship stress

Question 9

Hannah just had a rush of endorphins.What are the endorphins doing in her body?

Accepted Answer

A) They are shutting down the sensation of pain. 
B) They are closing the "gate" of the spinal column, inhibiting the transmission of painful stimuli to the brain. 
C) They are increasing positive feelings that make the pain seem less important. 
D) They are causing a "natural" addiction to pain.

Question 10

In 1989, health professionals in China began a massive antismoking effort in several cities, which involved children whose fathers smoked.Which of the following did NOT occur as part of this effort?

Accepted Answer

A) Children wrote letters to their fathers asking them to quit smoking. 
B) Children submitted monthly reports on their fathers' smoking habits to their schools. 
C) Photos of the fathers who continued smoking were published in the school newspapers. 
D) Schoolchildren were given antismoking literature and questionnaires to take home to their fathers.

Question 11

You and your friend Bob are both in your late 30s.Bob informs you that he has been diagnosed with the silent killer.What health-related issue does he have?

Accepted Answer

A) HIV 
B) lung cancer 
C) diabetes 
D) hypertension

Question 12

Tara's HPA axis was activated.Which chemical will be secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulate the pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

A) corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) 
B) high-density lipoprotein (HDL) 
C) adrenal cortisol hormone (ACH) 
D) cortisol

Question 13

A patient has a stress-related physical disorder.How should a health psychologist who uses behaviour modification procedures begin when treating the patient?

Accepted Answer

A) by helping the patient enhance motivation to change unhealthy behaviours 
B) by relieving the patient's depression enough that the patient can fully attend to the therapy 
C) by medicating the patient to relieve immediate symptoms 
D) by educating the patient about the causes of the disorder and the factors that maintain it

Question 14

Cognitive therapy is used in stress management programs to help clients learn several techniques.Which of the following is one of these techniques?

Accepted Answer

A) develop realistic appraisals and attitudes 
B) developing subjective descriptions of experiences 
C) recording nonstressful situations 
D) identifying unrealistic positive thoughts

Question 15

Various psychological factors have been implicated in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).For example, in examining the role of cognitive factors in the psychological adjustment to the illness of patients with CFS, researchers found that feelings of helplessness and depression were associated with another factor.What is this other factor?

Accepted Answer

A) perceiving the cause of CFS as external and believing that there is no cure for CFS 
B) believing that CFS is just "in one's head" and believing that there is no cure for CFS 
C) perceiving the cause of CFS as external and believing that one has no control over the disorder 
D) perceiving the cause of CFS as internal and believing that one has no control over the illness

Question 16

What did a review of the literature on the effectiveness of group therapy for HIV-positive individuals conclude?

Accepted Answer

A) Although further study is needed, psychosocial interventions are helpful for enhancing psychosocial functioning but have no effect on physical functioning such as immune system activity. 
B) Although further study is needed, there seem to be positive effects in patients with advanced-stage disease, but no effects have been observed in those in a very early, asymptomatic stage of the disease. 
C) Although further study is needed, group interventions have produced no noticeable improvements in either physical or psychological functioning of these patients. 
D) Although further study is needed, there seem to be positive changes in immune and endocrine activity associated with structured group interventions.

Question 17

Fisher and colleagues (2002) conducted and assessed three school-based HIV prevention interventions with high school students, which focused on knowledge, motivation, behavioural skills, and actual behaviour.What did they determine to be of great importance in preventing HIV in youth?

Accepted Answer

A) presence of positive role models 
B) interventions that emphasized total abstention from sex 
C) purely educational interventions as opposed to psychologically oriented interventions 
D) adding psychological techniques to educational efforts

Question 18

Hans Selye described the sequence of stages the body goes through in response to sustained stress.What is this sequence called?

Accepted Answer

A) the fight-or-flight syndrome 
B) the general adaptation syndrome 
C) the feedback loop syndrome 
D) the mobilized coping syndrome

Question 19

In the 1960s, Neal Miller produced the first experimental evidence suggesting physiological functions were subject to voluntary control.What did he use?

Accepted Answer

A) obedience training with animals 
B) operant conditioning with animals 
C) physical retraining with animals 
D) classical conditioning with animals

Question 20

If an individual died at the age of six, what is the most likely cause of death?

Accepted Answer

A) cancer 
B) injury 
C) genetic defect 
D) infectious disease

Exam 18: The Psychology of Health and Illness