Question 1

What interactions exist between a bee and a flower?

Accepted Answer

A)  +/+ 
B)  +/o 
C)  +/- 
D)  o/o 
E)  -/- 
A)  +/+ 
B)  +/o 
C)  +/- 
D)  o/o 
E)  -/-

Question 2

Use the diagram in Figure 41.4 of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the following questions.
   Figure 41.4
-Which island would likely have the lowest extinction rate?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 3

How did Eugene Odum describe an ecological niche?

Accepted Answer

A)  the "address" of an organism 
B)  an entity that is synonymous with an organism's specific trophic level 
C)  an organism's "profession" in the community 
D)  the organism's role in recycling nutrients in its habitat 
E)  the interactions of the organism with other members of the community 
A)  the "address" of an organism 
B)  an entity that is synonymous with an organism's specific trophic level 
C)  an organism's "profession" in the community 
D)  the organism's role in recycling nutrients in its habitat 
E)  the interactions of the organism with other members of the community

Question 4

The oak tree pathogen Phytophthora ramorum has migrated 800 km in 15 years. West Nile virus spread from New York State to 46 other states in 5 years. The difference in the rate of spread is probably related to

Accepted Answer

A)  the lethality of each pathogen. 
B)  the mobility of their hosts. 
C)  the fact that viruses are very small. 
D)  innate resistance. 
E)  dormancy viability. 
A)  the lethality of each pathogen. 
B)  the mobility of their hosts. 
C)  the fact that viruses are very small. 
D)  innate resistance. 
E)  dormancy viability.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. 
B)  The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. 
C)  Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species. 
D)  Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. 
E)  Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species. 
A)  Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. 
B)  The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. 
C)  Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species. 
D)  Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. 
E)  Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.

Question 6

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  mutualism. 
B)  character displacement. 
C)  Batesian mimicry. 
D)  facultative commensalism. 
E)  resource partitioning. 
A)  mutualism. 
B)  character displacement. 
C)  Batesian mimicry. 
D)  facultative commensalism. 
E)  resource partitioning.

Question 7

In a particular case of secondary succession, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field. A possible factor in this secondary succession was

Accepted Answer

A)  equilibrium. 
B)  facilitation. 
C)  immigration. 
D)  inhibition. 
E)  parasitism. 
A)  equilibrium. 
B)  facilitation. 
C)  immigration. 
D)  inhibition. 
E)  parasitism.

Question 8

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?

Accepted Answer

A)  mutualism 
B)  parasitism 
C)  commensalism 
D)  facilitation 
E)  competition 
A)  mutualism 
B)  parasitism 
C)  commensalism 
D)  facilitation 
E)  competition

Question 9

Use the diagram in Figure 41.4 of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the following questions.
   Figure 41.4
-Which island would likely have the greatest species diversity?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration?

Accepted Answer

A)  bands on a coral snake 
B)  brown or gray color of tree bark 
C)  markings of a viceroy butterfly's wings 
D)  colors of an insect-pollinated flower's petals 
E)  a "walking stick" insect that resembles a twig 
A)  bands on a coral snake 
B)  brown or gray color of tree bark 
C)  markings of a viceroy butterfly's wings 
D)  colors of an insect-pollinated flower's petals 
E)  a "walking stick" insect that resembles a twig

Question 11

Please refer to Figure 41.2 to answer the following question.
   Figure 41.2
-According to the Shannon Diversity Index, which block would show the greatest diversity?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5

Question 12

Imagine five forest communities, each with 100 individuals distributed among four different tree species (W, X, Y, and Z). Which forest community would be most diverse?

Accepted Answer

A)  25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z 
B)  40W, 30X, 20Y, 10Z 
C)  50W, 25X, 15Y, 10Z 
D)  70W, 10X, 10Y, 10Z 
E)  100W, 0X, 0Y, 0Z 
A)  25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z 
B)  40W, 30X, 20Y, 10Z 
C)  50W, 25X, 15Y, 10Z 
D)  70W, 10X, 10Y, 10Z 
E)  100W, 0X, 0Y, 0Z

Question 13

Why is a pathogen generally more virulent in a new habitat?

Accepted Answer

A)  More pathogens tend to immigrate into newer habitats. 
B)  Intermediate host species are more motile and transport pathogens to new areas. 
C)  Pathogens evolve more efficient forms of reproduction in new environments. 
D)  Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection. 
E)  New environments are almost always smaller in area, so that transmission of pathogens is easily accomplished between hosts. 
A)  More pathogens tend to immigrate into newer habitats. 
B)  Intermediate host species are more motile and transport pathogens to new areas. 
C)  Pathogens evolve more efficient forms of reproduction in new environments. 
D)  Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection. 
E)  New environments are almost always smaller in area, so that transmission of pathogens is easily accomplished between hosts.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about the McArthur/Wilson Island Equilibrium Model?

Accepted Answer

A)  The more species that inhabit an island, the lower the extinction rate. 
B)  As the number of species on an island increases, the emigration rate decreases. 
C)  Competitive exclusion is less likely on an island that has large numbers of species. 
D)  Small islands receive few new immigrant species. 
E)  Islands closer to the mainland have higher extinction rates. 
A)  The more species that inhabit an island, the lower the extinction rate. 
B)  As the number of species on an island increases, the emigration rate decreases. 
C)  Competitive exclusion is less likely on an island that has large numbers of species. 
D)  Small islands receive few new immigrant species. 
E)  Islands closer to the mainland have higher extinction rates.

Question 15

What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog?

Accepted Answer

A)  +/+ 
B)  +/o 
C)  +/- 
D)  o/o 
E)  -/- 
A)  +/+ 
B)  +/o 
C)  +/- 
D)  o/o 
E)  -/-

Question 16

Use the diagram of a hypothetical food web in Figure 41.3 to answer the following questions. The arrows represent the transfer of energy between the various trophic levels.
   Figure 41.3
-Which letter represents an organism that could be a primary producer?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 17

According to bottom-up and top-down control models of community organization, which of the following expressions would imply that an increase in the size of a carnivore (C) population would negatively impact on its prey (P) population, but not vice versa?

Accepted Answer

A)  P ← C 
B)  P → C 
C)  C ↔ P 
D)  P ← C → P 
E)  C ← P → 
A)  P ← C 
B)  P → C 
C)  C ↔ P 
D)  P ← C → P 
E)  C ← P →

Question 18

Use the diagram in Figure 41.4 of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the following questions.
   Figure 41.4
-Which island would likely exhibit the most impoverished species diversity?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 19

White-breasted nuthatches and Downy woodpeckers both eat insects that hide in the furrows of bark in hardwood trees. The Downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk toward the top, whereas the white-breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down. These hunting behaviors best illustrate which of the following ecological concepts?

Accepted Answer

A)  competitive exclusion 
B)  resource partitioning 
C)  character displacement 
D)  keystone species 
E)  bottom-up and top-down hypotheses 
A)  competitive exclusion 
B)  resource partitioning 
C)  character displacement 
D)  keystone species 
E)  bottom-up and top-down hypotheses

Question 20

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

Accepted Answer

A)  limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount 
B)  influence of temperature on competition among plants 
C)  influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers 
D)  effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity 
E)  effect of humidity on plant growth rates 
A)  limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount 
B)  influence of temperature on competition among plants 
C)  influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers 
D)  effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity 
E)  effect of humidity on plant growth rates

Exam 41: Species Interactions

What interactions exist between a bee and a flower?

Use the diagram in Figure 41.4 of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the following questions. Figure 41.4 -Which island would likely have the lowest extinction rate?

How did Eugene Odum describe an ecological niche?

The oak tree pathogen Phytophthora ramorum has migrated 800 km in 15 years. West Nile virus spread from New York State to 46 other states in 5 years. The difference in the rate of spread is probably related to

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?

In a particular case of secondary succession, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field. A possible factor in this secondary succession was

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?

Use the diagram in Figure 41.4 of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the following questions. Figure 41.4 -Which island would likely have the greatest species diversity?

Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration?

Please refer to Figure 41.2 to answer the following question. Figure 41.2 -According to the Shannon Diversity Index, which block would show the greatest diversity?

Imagine five forest communities, each with 100 individuals distributed among four different tree species (W, X, Y, and Z). Which forest community would be most diverse?

Why is a pathogen generally more virulent in a new habitat?

Which of the following is a correct statement about the McArthur/Wilson Island Equilibrium Model?

What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog?

Use the diagram of a hypothetical food web in Figure 41.3 to answer the following questions. The arrows represent the transfer of energy between the various trophic levels. Figure 41.3 -Which letter represents an organism that could be a primary producer?

According to bottom-up and top-down control models of community organization, which of the following expressions would imply that an increase in the size of a carnivore (C) population would negatively impact on its prey (P) population, but not vice versa?

Use the diagram in Figure 41.4 of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the following questions. Figure 41.4 -Which island would likely exhibit the most impoverished species diversity?

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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