Question 1

Which arrow in this figure shows heat transfer by conduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  arrow A 
B)  arrow B 
C)  arrow C 
D)  arrow D 
A)  arrow A 
B)  arrow B 
C)  arrow C 
D)  arrow D

Question 2

Which of the following is a function of the human urinary system?

Accepted Answer

A)  detoxification of waste products 
B)  elimination of undigested foods 
C)  regulation of water content for body fluids 
D)  production of ammonia 
A)  detoxification of waste products 
B)  elimination of undigested foods 
C)  regulation of water content for body fluids 
D)  production of ammonia

Question 3

Why must water that has moved to the interstitial fluid in the medulla be quickly removed from the interstitial fluid?

Accepted Answer

A)  to prevent dilution of urine 
B)  to prevent destruction of the concentration gradient necessary for water reabsorption 
C)  to equilibrate the concentration of solutes in the cortex and medulla 
D)  to maintain an environment for transport of nutrients 
A)  to prevent dilution of urine 
B)  to prevent destruction of the concentration gradient necessary for water reabsorption 
C)  to equilibrate the concentration of solutes in the cortex and medulla 
D)  to maintain an environment for transport of nutrients

Question 4

Which of the following by-products of metabolism is the most toxic?

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon monoxide 
B)  ammonia 
C)  urea 
D)  lactic acid 
A)  carbon monoxide 
B)  ammonia 
C)  urea 
D)  lactic acid

Question 5

The mechanism for excreting nitrogenous waste in aquatic animals was ineffective on land because

Accepted Answer

A)  land animals concurrently developed a more efficient reproduction system. 
B)  land animals found better food sources. 
C)  land animals had a more difficult time with water balance than aquatic species. 
D)  aquatic animals did not have as much protein in their diets as did land animals. 
A)  land animals concurrently developed a more efficient reproduction system. 
B)  land animals found better food sources. 
C)  land animals had a more difficult time with water balance than aquatic species. 
D)  aquatic animals did not have as much protein in their diets as did land animals.

Question 6

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

Accepted Answer

A)  to increase urination 
B)  to increase water reabsorption 
C)  to stimulate sodium reabsorption 
D)  to counter the effects of alcohol consumption 
A)  to increase urination 
B)  to increase water reabsorption 
C)  to stimulate sodium reabsorption 
D)  to counter the effects of alcohol consumption

Question 7

What is the function of urea reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  It restores the correct concentration of blood urea. 
B)  It increases the osmotic concentration of the interstitial fluid in the renal medulla so that more water can be extracted from the urine. 
C)  It reduces the salinity of the renal medulla and thus helps regulate how much water is reabsorbed from the urine. 
D)  It moves the urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle so that it can be excreted from there in the urine. 
A)  It restores the correct concentration of blood urea. 
B)  It increases the osmotic concentration of the interstitial fluid in the renal medulla so that more water can be extracted from the urine. 
C)  It reduces the salinity of the renal medulla and thus helps regulate how much water is reabsorbed from the urine. 
D)  It moves the urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle so that it can be excreted from there in the urine.

Question 8

Which of the following kinds of animals excrete their nitrogenous waste entirely as ammonia?

Accepted Answer

A)  birds 
B)  fish 
C)  land snails 
D)  insects 
A)  birds 
B)  fish 
C)  land snails 
D)  insects

Question 9

Scientists studied the thermoregulatory and osmoregulatory responses in exercising human subjects who were experiencing different levels of dehydration (0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% based on body weight). After exercise, the subjects' body temperatures, sweating rates, and blood solute concentrations were measured. Their results are shown in these three graphs. Note that only sweating rate was measured after each bout of exercise. Body temperature was measured after the first two bouts of exercise, and blood solutes after only the first bout of exercise.
   Source: Adapted from Sawka, M. N., Young, A. J., Francesconi, R. P., Muza, S. R., & Pandolf, K. B. (1985). Thermoregulatory and blood responses during exercise at graded hypohydration levels. J Appl Physiol, 59, 1394-1402.
-Examine the body temperature and sweating rate graphs. Normal body temperatures range from 36.5C to 37.5C. Which of the following best describes how the relationship between osmoregulation and thermoregulation is altered after the first bout of exercise?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rate of sweating is not high enough to cool body temperatures when dehydration is experienced. 
B)  Higher body temperatures increase sweating rates, which in turn create higher dehydration percentages. 
C)  Sweating rate is sufficient to maintain normal body temperatures when there is no dehydration. 
D)  Greater dehydration increases sweating rates, which in turn increase body temperatures. 
A)  The rate of sweating is not high enough to cool body temperatures when dehydration is experienced. 
B)  Higher body temperatures increase sweating rates, which in turn create higher dehydration percentages. 
C)  Sweating rate is sufficient to maintain normal body temperatures when there is no dehydration. 
D)  Greater dehydration increases sweating rates, which in turn increase body temperatures.

Question 10

To enhance heat loss, humans sweat; this is an adaptation known as

Accepted Answer

A)  insulation. 
B)  evaporative cooling. 
C)  irradiation. 
D)  conduction. 
A)  insulation. 
B)  evaporative cooling. 
C)  irradiation. 
D)  conduction.

Question 11

A woman running a marathon collapses at the finish line and is rushed to the hospital. The physicians determine that she has lost a large amount of water and salts from excessive sweating. The appropriate course of action for the physicians would be to determine the woman's intracellular fluid levels so that they can provide a fluid replacement therapy that will

Accepted Answer

A)  regain isotonic conditions of salt and water. 
B)  regain hypertonic conditions of salt and water. 
C)  regain hypotonic conditions of salt and water. 
D)  provide a measure of metabolic heat production. 
A)  regain isotonic conditions of salt and water. 
B)  regain hypertonic conditions of salt and water. 
C)  regain hypotonic conditions of salt and water. 
D)  provide a measure of metabolic heat production.

Question 12

The dialyzing solution used during kidney dialysis functions much like a fluid associated with a nephron. What is the fluid?

Accepted Answer

A)  the interstitial fluid 
B)  the filtrate in the proximal tubule 
C)  the filtrate in the loop of Henle 
D)  the filtrate in the distal tubule 
A)  the interstitial fluid 
B)  the filtrate in the proximal tubule 
C)  the filtrate in the loop of Henle 
D)  the filtrate in the distal tubule

Question 13

A logical treatment plan for patients with high ADH levels would include

Accepted Answer

A)  less fluids. 
B)  more fluids. 
C)  less glucose. 
D)  more glucose. 
A)  less fluids. 
B)  more fluids. 
C)  less glucose. 
D)  more glucose.

Question 14

Which of the following options correctly lists the structures in the kidney in the order in which fluid flows through them?

Accepted Answer

A)  proximal tubule, Bowman's capsule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, glomerulus 
B)  Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, glomerulus 
C)  glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule 
D)  glomerulus, proximal tubule, distal tubule, Bowman's capsule, loop of Henle 
A)  proximal tubule, Bowman's capsule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, glomerulus 
B)  Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, glomerulus 
C)  glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule 
D)  glomerulus, proximal tubule, distal tubule, Bowman's capsule, loop of Henle

Question 15

Which of the following statements about uric acid is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Uric acid requires less water to excrete than does urea. 
B)  Uric acid is more soluble in water than urea. 
C)  The darker material in bird droppings is mostly uric acid. 
D)  Uric acid is more toxic than ammonia. 
A)  Uric acid requires less water to excrete than does urea. 
B)  Uric acid is more soluble in water than urea. 
C)  The darker material in bird droppings is mostly uric acid. 
D)  Uric acid is more toxic than ammonia.

Question 16

Which of the following statements regarding saltwater fish is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The concentration of solutes in the internal fluids of saltwater fish is lower than that in the surrounding water. 
B)  The concentration of solutes in the internal fluids of saltwater fish is higher than that in the surrounding environment. 
C)  Saltwater fish produce large amounts of diluted urine. 
D)  Saltwater fish have body fluids with a solute concentration equal to their surroundings. 
A)  The concentration of solutes in the internal fluids of saltwater fish is lower than that in the surrounding water. 
B)  The concentration of solutes in the internal fluids of saltwater fish is higher than that in the surrounding environment. 
C)  Saltwater fish produce large amounts of diluted urine. 
D)  Saltwater fish have body fluids with a solute concentration equal to their surroundings.

Question 17

Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the four main processes that occur in the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration, excretion, reabsorption, secretion 
B)  excretion, filtration, reabsorption, secretion 
C)  filtration, reabsorption and secretion occurring simultaneously, excretion 
D)  reabsorption and secretion occurring simultaneously, excretion, filtration 
A)  filtration, excretion, reabsorption, secretion 
B)  excretion, filtration, reabsorption, secretion 
C)  filtration, reabsorption and secretion occurring simultaneously, excretion 
D)  reabsorption and secretion occurring simultaneously, excretion, filtration

Question 18

Which of the following statements regarding freshwater fish is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Freshwater fish frequently drink to obtain salt ions. 
B)  Freshwater fish use their gills to actively take up salt ions. 
C)  Freshwater fish lose water through their gills by osmosis. 
D)  Freshwater fish do not produce urine. 
A)  Freshwater fish frequently drink to obtain salt ions. 
B)  Freshwater fish use their gills to actively take up salt ions. 
C)  Freshwater fish lose water through their gills by osmosis. 
D)  Freshwater fish do not produce urine.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the vertebrate liver?

Accepted Answer

A)  combining ammonia and carbon dioxide to form urea 
B)  synthesizing ammonia from uric acid 
C)  excreting urea 
D)  producing urea from uric acid and carbon dioxide 
A)  combining ammonia and carbon dioxide to form urea 
B)  synthesizing ammonia from uric acid 
C)  excreting urea 
D)  producing urea from uric acid and carbon dioxide

Question 20

Thermoregulation, an important part of homeostasis, is defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  a mechanism for utilizing body fat for energy. 
B)  a reduction in blood flow to an animal's extremities in order to conserve heat. 
C)  the maintenance of internal body temperature within an optimal range despite change in external temperature. 
D)  the mechanisms that allow an animal to hibernate without food or drink. 
A)  a mechanism for utilizing body fat for energy. 
B)  a reduction in blood flow to an animal's extremities in order to conserve heat. 
C)  the maintenance of internal body temperature within an optimal range despite change in external temperature. 
D)  the mechanisms that allow an animal to hibernate without food or drink.

Exam 25: Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

Which arrow in this figure shows heat transfer by conduction?

Which of the following is a function of the human urinary system?

Why must water that has moved to the interstitial fluid in the medulla be quickly removed from the interstitial fluid?

Which of the following by-products of metabolism is the most toxic?

The mechanism for excreting nitrogenous waste in aquatic animals was ineffective on land because

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

What is the function of urea reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney?

Which of the following kinds of animals excrete their nitrogenous waste entirely as ammonia?

To enhance heat loss, humans sweat; this is an adaptation known as

The dialyzing solution used during kidney dialysis functions much like a fluid associated with a nephron. What is the fluid?

A logical treatment plan for patients with high ADH levels would include

Which of the following options correctly lists the structures in the kidney in the order in which fluid flows through them?

Which of the following statements about uric acid is true?

Which of the following statements regarding saltwater fish is true?

Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the four main processes that occur in the urinary system?

Which of the following statements regarding freshwater fish is true?

Which of the following is a function of the vertebrate liver?

Thermoregulation, an important part of homeostasis, is defined as

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Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

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The Origin of Species

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Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists

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