Exam 25: Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

The nitrogenous waste product in bears (mammals) is ________, while most saltwater fish get rid of wastes through ________.

Through which of the following structures does urine leave the bladder?

Plants have specific temperatures (or temperature ranges) that allow for maximum growth. A process by which heat from ________ is transferred from the sun to leaves helps give plants these ideal temperatures.

Which of the following physiological responses occurs in the human body when it becomes overheated?

During filtration in the glomerulus, which of the following enters Bowman's capsule from the bloodstream?

The following questions relate to the three figures above, which indicate how the tubules in the kidney respond to the administration of the hormone vasopressin (AVP). -The density of the aquaporins in the presence of vasopressin was approximately

The overall process that refines the filtrate and ultimately returns water and valuable solutes to the blood is known as

Most fishes can either live in freshwater or live in saltwater habitats, but not in both. If you move a marine fish from the ocean to a lake, it will quickly die, and vice versa. However, a small number of fish species are capable of moving between the two environments. Salmon are osmoregulators that hatch in rivers, spend most of their lives in the ocean, and return to the river where they were born in order to breed. -When a salmon leaves the river and moves out to sea, you would expect ________ to leave its body by osmosis and that excess ________ would need to be pumped out.

In 2011, scientists investigated whether the salts that are spread on icy roads to melt the ice are diluted enough by spring rainfall so that they do not have negative effects on amphibian species that breed in nearby areas. They exposed clutches (groups of eggs) of salamanders to three test conditions with varying salt concentrations (road salts mixed with dechlorinated tap water) to simulate salt concentrations of small pools of water located near highways that are typically fed by rain-areas where salamanders often lay their eggs. After 9 days, the scientists placed the three groups in "normal" water and measured how much body mass the salamanders lost every 3 days for 9 days. They chose to measure change in mass because salamanders are able to take in water, which helps lower the chances of salamander embryos dying from freezing, disease, or predation. The table below provides partial results of this study. Group 1 2 Chloride Concentration in Test Conditions 145/ 945/ Total \% Mass Lost after 9 Days of Exposure to Test Conditions 20\% 35\% Total \% Mass Regained after 9 Days in Normal Water Conditions 15\% 0\% Additional \% Mass Lost after 9 Days in Nonmal Water Conditions 0\% 10\% -There was a third group (group 3) in this study that experienced the same test conditions as groups 1 and 2 except that the water to which group 3 was exposed always had a chloride concentration (mg/L) that salamander clutches would normally experience (that is, with no road salts in the water). How would you describe this group?

Secretion is the movement of substances such as drugs or toxic molecules from the ________ into the ________.

In 2011, scientists investigated whether the salts that are spread on icy roads to melt the ice are diluted enough by spring rainfall so that they do not have negative effects on amphibian species that breed in nearby areas. They exposed clutches (groups of eggs) of salamanders to three test conditions with varying salt concentrations (road salts mixed with dechlorinated tap water) to simulate salt concentrations of small pools of water located near highways that are typically fed by rain-areas where salamanders often lay their eggs. After 9 days, the scientists placed the three groups in "normal" water and measured how much body mass the salamanders lost every 3 days for 9 days. They chose to measure change in mass because salamanders are able to take in water, which helps lower the chances of salamander embryos dying from freezing, disease, or predation. The table below provides partial results of this study. Group 1 2 Chloride Concentration in Test Conditions 145/ 945/ Total \% Mass Lost after 9 Days of Exposure to Test Conditions 20\% 35\% Total \% Mass Regained after 9 Days in Normal Water Conditions 15\% 0\% Additional \% Mass Lost after 9 Days in Nonmal Water Conditions 0\% 10\% -What conclusion did scientists likely draw from this study?

To conserve precious salts, freshwater fish

In a dialysis machine, wastes are removed from blood plasma by the process of

Where along the nephron is glucose reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood?

What is the advantage of excreting nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia?

Scientists studied the thermoregulatory and osmoregulatory responses in exercising human subjects who were experiencing different levels of dehydration (0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% based on body weight). After exercise, the subjects' body temperatures, sweating rates, and blood solute concentrations were measured. Their results are shown in these three graphs. Note that only sweating rate was measured after each bout of exercise. Body temperature was measured after the first two bouts of exercise, and blood solutes after only the first bout of exercise. Source: Adapted from Sawka, M. N., Young, A. J., Francesconi, R. P., Muza, S. R., & Pandolf, K. B. (1985). Thermoregulatory and blood responses during exercise at graded hypohydration levels. J Appl Physiol, 59, 1394-1402. -What is the best explanation for the relationship between body temperature and dehydration?

Which arrow in this schematic view of the nephron shows reabsorption?

Which of the following would indicate abnormally low production of ADH?

Compared to urine, the filtrate that first enters a nephron tubule

A sophisticated mechanism that has evolved in mammals for eliminating nitrogenous wastes involves