Exam 11: Decision Making

In Bayes's theorem,the _____ probability is defined as the probability that a hypothesis is true before consideration of the evidence.

Phineas Gage died shortly after his head injury.

What is meant by probability matching?

Which refers to one's personal judgment about whether a specific outcome is likely to occur?

The medial portion of the anterior prefrontal region is important to:

Mr.Gee is under the impression that aliens exist.As evidence,he cites the several thousand individuals who claim to have been abducted by aliens.Yet he ignores that there are billions of individuals who do not claim abduction.This is an example of:

Generally,participants _____ the frequency with which words begin with various letters.

You have flipped a coin nine times.Each time you flipped the coin,the outcome was Heads.Your friend Jimmy thinks that the tenth outcome is more likely to be Tails.Is he correct? Explain your answer.

Bayes's theorem is a:

Individuals often ignore base rates when making probability judgments.

Describe the methods and findings of the Goldstein and Gigerenzer (1999,2002)studies on the recognition heuristic.

The study performed by Bechara (1994,2005)that employed the Iowa gambling task demonstrated that individuals who have damage to the _____of their brain have difficulty responding adaptively to probabilistic situations.

Phrasing the same option in different ways can affect decision making.This is referred to as:

Cocaine increases the level of _____ in the brain,resulting in a pleasurable feeling.

Adolescents perceive themselves to be invulnerable more so than do older adults.

If one of two objects is recognized and the other is not,you might infer that the recognized object has the higher value with respect to the criterion.This is known as the _____ heuristic.

What is meant by conditional probability? By posterior probability? By prior probability?

You are the mayor of a city.You have received word of an imminent attack that has the potential to destroy the entire town.Your best architect builds a shelter,but he cannot gather enough supplies.He tells you that the shelter cannot accommodate 600 of the town's 800 citizens.However,if you allow all 800 citizens into the shelter,there is a one-fourth probability that nobody will die,but a three-fourths probability that the supplies will run out and everyone will die.You decide to hold an emergency town meeting to have the townspeople vote on what to do.Based on what you know about framing effects,how should they vote?

A model that specifies how people actually behave is known as a(n)_____ model.