Question 1

What is meant by base-rate neglect?

Accepted Answer

Base-rate neglect refers to th

Question 2

Why might someone prefer a 1% chance to win $500 than a 2% chance to win $250?

Accepted Answer

People tend to make these judgments usin

Question 3

Describe the methods and findings of the Kahneman and Tversky (1973)study on base-rate neglect.

Accepted Answer

•Kahneman and Tversky (1973)told one gro

Question 4

The magnitude of a reward is represented in the activity of the:

Accepted Answer

A)  cerebellum. 
B)  lateral geniculate nucleus. 
C)  nucleus accumbens. 
D)  ventromedial prefrontal cortex. 
A)  cerebellum. 
B)  lateral geniculate nucleus. 
C)  nucleus accumbens. 
D)  ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Question 5

_____ have the dopamine reward system described in the text.

Accepted Answer

A)  All mammals 
B)  Only primates 
C)  Only great apes and humans 
D)  Only humans 
A)  All mammals 
B)  Only primates 
C)  Only great apes and humans 
D)  Only humans

Question 6

In a study of medical diagnosis,Weber et al.(1993)found that doctors:

Accepted Answer

A)  were sensitive to the evidence provide by the symptoms,but not to base rates. 
B)  were sensitive to base rates only when they ignored the evidence provided by symptoms. 
C)  were sensitive both to base rates and to the evidence provided by the symptoms. 
D)  ignored base rates,treating each symptom-supported disease as equally possible. 
A)  were sensitive to the evidence provide by the symptoms,but not to base rates. 
B)  were sensitive to base rates only when they ignored the evidence provided by symptoms. 
C)  were sensitive both to base rates and to the evidence provided by the symptoms. 
D)  ignored base rates,treating each symptom-supported disease as equally possible.

Question 7

What is the recognition heuristic? Give an example of when it might be used.

Accepted Answer

•The recognition heuristic applies in ca

Question 8

Evidence suggests that individuals rely on:

Accepted Answer

A)  probabilities to make judgments. 
B)  relative frequencies to make judgments. 
C)  both probabilities and relative frequencies to make judgments. 
D)  relative frequencies only when probabilities yield incorrect judgments. 
A)  probabilities to make judgments. 
B)  relative frequencies to make judgments. 
C)  both probabilities and relative frequencies to make judgments. 
D)  relative frequencies only when probabilities yield incorrect judgments.

Question 9

Individuals often ignore the accumulation of evidence when making probability judgments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Choosing among alternative options in proportion to their success is called probability matching.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex plays an important role in solving complex problems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

What factors lead to biases in probability estimates?

Accepted Answer

•When participants cannot see events and

Question 13

The belief that,if an event has not occurred for a while,then it is more likely,by the "law of averages," to occur in the near future is known as the:

Accepted Answer

A)  conditional probability. 
B)  mental model theory. 
C)  prior probability. 
D)  gambler's fallacy. 
A)  conditional probability. 
B)  mental model theory. 
C)  prior probability. 
D)  gambler's fallacy.

Question 14

Base-rate neglect decreases if events are stated in terms of:

Accepted Answer

A)  conditionals instead of probabilities. 
B)  frequencies instead of conditionals. 
C)  frequencies instead of probabilities. 
D)  probabilities instead of frequencies. 
A)  conditionals instead of probabilities. 
B)  frequencies instead of conditionals. 
C)  frequencies instead of probabilities. 
D)  probabilities instead of frequencies.

Question 15

Why are adolescents more likely to engage in risky behaviors compared with adults?

Accepted Answer

•Adolescents may lack some of the knowle

Question 16

What are two explanations as to why adolescents might engage in risky behavior?

Accepted Answer

•Adolescents may lack some of the knowle

Question 17

A _____ model specifies the means of evaluating the probability of a hypothesis,while a _____ model specifies what people actually do.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothetical;empirical 
B)  conditional;syllogistic 
C)  prescriptive;descriptive 
D)  inductive;deductive 
A)  hypothetical;empirical 
B)  conditional;syllogistic 
C)  prescriptive;descriptive 
D)  inductive;deductive

Question 18

The way in which a problem is framed can influence decision making.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

How accurate are individuals when they try to judge proportions?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are reasonably accurate at making these judgments when they rely on memory. 
B)  They are reasonably accurate at making these judgments when they do not rely on memory. 
C)  They are very accurate at making these judgments when they rely on memory. 
D)  They are very accurate at making these judgments when they do not rely on memory. 
A)  They are reasonably accurate at making these judgments when they rely on memory. 
B)  They are reasonably accurate at making these judgments when they do not rely on memory. 
C)  They are very accurate at making these judgments when they rely on memory. 
D)  They are very accurate at making these judgments when they do not rely on memory.

Question 20

In decision-making situations that involve financial rewards,researchers have found that the value people put on money is not linear with the face value of the money.This is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  biased estimation. 
B)  subjective utility. 
C)  incongruous valuation. 
D)  erroneous calibration. 
A)  biased estimation. 
B)  subjective utility. 
C)  incongruous valuation. 
D)  erroneous calibration.

What is meant by base-rate neglect?

Why might someone prefer a 1% chance to win $500 than a 2% chance to win $250?

Describe the methods and findings of the Kahneman and Tversky (1973)study on base-rate neglect.

The magnitude of a reward is represented in the activity of the:

_____ have the dopamine reward system described in the text.

In a study of medical diagnosis,Weber et al.(1993)found that doctors:

What is the recognition heuristic? Give an example of when it might be used.

Evidence suggests that individuals rely on:

Individuals often ignore the accumulation of evidence when making probability judgments.

Choosing among alternative options in proportion to their success is called probability matching.

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex plays an important role in solving complex problems.

What factors lead to biases in probability estimates?

The belief that,if an event has not occurred for a while,then it is more likely,by the "law of averages," to occur in the near future is known as the:

Base-rate neglect decreases if events are stated in terms of:

Why are adolescents more likely to engage in risky behaviors compared with adults?

What are two explanations as to why adolescents might engage in risky behavior?

A _ model specifies the means of evaluating the probability of a hypothesis,while a _ model specifies what people actually do.

The way in which a problem is framed can influence decision making.

How accurate are individuals when they try to judge proportions?

In decision-making situations that involve financial rewards,researchers have found that the value people put on money is not linear with the face value of the money.This is referred to as:

The Science of Cognition

Perception

Attention and Performance

Mental Imagery

Representation of Knowledge

Human Memory: Encoding and Storage

Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval

Problem Solving

Expertise

Reasoning

Language Structure

Language Comprehension

Individual Differences in Cognition

Filters

Exam 11: Decision Making

What is meant by base-rate neglect?

Why might someone prefer a 1% chance to win $500 than a 2% chance to win $250?

Describe the methods and findings of the Kahneman and Tversky (1973)study on base-rate neglect.

The magnitude of a reward is represented in the activity of the:

_____ have the dopamine reward system described in the text.

In a study of medical diagnosis,Weber et al.(1993)found that doctors:

What is the recognition heuristic? Give an example of when it might be used.

Evidence suggests that individuals rely on:

Individuals often ignore the accumulation of evidence when making probability judgments.

Choosing among alternative options in proportion to their success is called probability matching.

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex plays an important role in solving complex problems.

What factors lead to biases in probability estimates?

The belief that,if an event has not occurred for a while,then it is more likely,by the "law of averages," to occur in the near future is known as the:

Base-rate neglect decreases if events are stated in terms of:

Why are adolescents more likely to engage in risky behaviors compared with adults?

What are two explanations as to why adolescents might engage in risky behavior?

A _____ model specifies the means of evaluating the probability of a hypothesis,while a _____ model specifies what people actually do.

The way in which a problem is framed can influence decision making.

How accurate are individuals when they try to judge proportions?

In decision-making situations that involve financial rewards,researchers have found that the value people put on money is not linear with the face value of the money.This is referred to as:

The Science of Cognition

Perception

Attention and Performance

Mental Imagery

Representation of Knowledge

Human Memory: Encoding and Storage

Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval

Problem Solving

Expertise

Reasoning

Language Structure

Language Comprehension

Individual Differences in Cognition

Filters

A _ model specifies the means of evaluating the probability of a hypothesis,while a _ model specifies what people actually do.