Question 1

Against which structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?

Accepted Answer

A)  bristles 
B)  cuticle 
C)  shell 
D)  endoskeleton 
E)  hydrostatic skeleton 
A)  bristles 
B)  cuticle 
C)  shell 
D)  endoskeleton 
E)  hydrostatic skeleton

Question 2

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  running by a 50-gram rodent 
B)  running by a 40-kilogram ungulate 
C)  flying by a 100-gram bird 
D)  swimming by a 10-gram minnow (bony fish) 
E)  swimming by a 100-kilogram tuna (bony fish) 
A)  running by a 50-gram rodent 
B)  running by a 40-kilogram ungulate 
C)  flying by a 100-gram bird 
D)  swimming by a 10-gram minnow (bony fish) 
E)  swimming by a 100-kilogram tuna (bony fish)

Question 3

When an action potential from a motor neuron arrives at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a series of events occurs that leads to muscle contraction. Which of the following events will occur last (that is, after all of the others)?

Accepted Answer

A)  acetylcholine (ACh) release 
B)  action potential propagation down the T tubules 
C)  conformational change in troponin 
D)  depolarization of the muscle cell 
E)  release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 
A)  acetylcholine (ACh) release 
B)  action potential propagation down the T tubules 
C)  conformational change in troponin 
D)  depolarization of the muscle cell 
E)  release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

The functions of the vertebrate skeleton include which of the following?
I. maintenance of body posture
II. calcium homeostasis
III. transfer of muscle forces

Accepted Answer

A)  I and II 
B)  II and III 
C)  III 
D)  I and III 
E)  I, II, and III 
A)  I and II 
B)  II and III 
C)  III 
D)  I and III 
E)  I, II, and III

Question 5

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  annelids, including earthworms 
B)  insects, including beetles 
C)  cartilaginous fishes, including sharks 
D)  bivalves, including clams 
E)  crustaceans, including lobsters 
A)  annelids, including earthworms 
B)  insects, including beetles 
C)  cartilaginous fishes, including sharks 
D)  bivalves, including clams 
E)  crustaceans, including lobsters

Question 6

Compared to slow oxidative muscle fibers, those classified as fast glycolytic fibers typically have ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a higher concentration of myoglobin 
B)  a higher density of mitochondria 
C)  a darker visual appearance 
D)  a smaller diameter 
E)  less resistance to fatigue 
A)  a higher concentration of myoglobin 
B)  a higher density of mitochondria 
C)  a darker visual appearance 
D)  a smaller diameter 
E)  less resistance to fatigue

Question 7

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiac muscle 
B)  smooth muscle 
C)  voluntary muscle 
D)  striated muscle 
E)  skeletal muscle 
A)  cardiac muscle 
B)  smooth muscle 
C)  voluntary muscle 
D)  striated muscle 
E)  skeletal muscle

Question 8

What is an explanation for the pectoral or breast meat of ducks being very dark in color?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ducks use their wings for very short flights and need fast muscle fibers to power their take-offs. 
B)  Ducks are primarily swimmers and therefore do not need breast muscles full of "white meat." 
C)  Ducks employ intermediate muscle fibers for swimming and flying. 
D)  Ducks fly long distances and need myoglobin-rich slow muscle fibers to power high-endurance flights. 
A)  Ducks use their wings for very short flights and need fast muscle fibers to power their take-offs. 
B)  Ducks are primarily swimmers and therefore do not need breast muscles full of "white meat." 
C)  Ducks employ intermediate muscle fibers for swimming and flying. 
D)  Ducks fly long distances and need myoglobin-rich slow muscle fibers to power high-endurance flights.

Question 9

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  actin filaments coiling up to become shorter 
B)  myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter 
C)  actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter 
D)  actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and undergoing a power stroke 
E)  myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and undergoing a power stroke 
A)  actin filaments coiling up to become shorter 
B)  myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter 
C)  actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter 
D)  actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and undergoing a power stroke 
E)  myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and undergoing a power stroke

Question 10

For a 100-gram animal, what is the most costly form of locomotion?

Accepted Answer

A)  swimming 
B)  flying 
C)  running 
D)  peristalsis 
A)  swimming 
B)  flying 
C)  running 
D)  peristalsis

Question 11

How does skeletal muscle return to its starting length after a contraction?

Accepted Answer

A)  It lengthens itself by reversing the contraction process. 
B)  It undergoes recoil due to the elastic properties of tendons. 
C)  Antagonistic muscles work to lengthen a given muscle once it relaxes. 
D)  Ligaments bind muscles together 
A)  It lengthens itself by reversing the contraction process. 
B)  It undergoes recoil due to the elastic properties of tendons. 
C)  Antagonistic muscles work to lengthen a given muscle once it relaxes. 
D)  Ligaments bind muscles together

Question 12

The structure that connects bone to bone in vertebrate skeletal systems is a ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  tendon 
B)  ligament 
C)  osteoclast 
D)  hydrostatic skeleton 
A)  tendon 
B)  ligament 
C)  osteoclast 
D)  hydrostatic skeleton

Question 13

-The structure pictured in the figure is found in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  skeletal muscles and smooth muscles 
B)  cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles 
C)  smooth muscles and cardiac muscles 
D)  smooth muscles, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscles 
E)  smooth muscles 
A)  skeletal muscles and smooth muscles 
B)  cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles 
C)  smooth muscles and cardiac muscles 
D)  smooth muscles, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscles 
E)  smooth muscles

Question 14

Muscles are joined to bones by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ligaments 
B)  tendons 
C)  loose connective tissue 
D)  Haversian systems 
E)  spindle fibers 
A)  ligaments 
B)  tendons 
C)  loose connective tissue 
D)  Haversian systems 
E)  spindle fibers

Question 15

What is the best explanation for why elephants stand with a more upright posture and have relatively thicker bones than cats?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cats and elephants are from different taxonomic groups and therefore differ in appearance. 
B)  Cats eat meat and elephants eat plants, requiring different bodies. 
C)  Cats are smaller and need to run faster; therefore, they have smaller bones and a crouching posture. 
D)  Because they have a much greater volume, elephants require a disproportionately larger cross-sectional area of their bones than cats. 
A)  Cats and elephants are from different taxonomic groups and therefore differ in appearance. 
B)  Cats eat meat and elephants eat plants, requiring different bodies. 
C)  Cats are smaller and need to run faster; therefore, they have smaller bones and a crouching posture. 
D)  Because they have a much greater volume, elephants require a disproportionately larger cross-sectional area of their bones than cats.

Question 16

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  walking on its limbs 
B)  crawling with its feet 
C)  swimming with its setae 
D)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles 
E)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagella 
A)  walking on its limbs 
B)  crawling with its feet 
C)  swimming with its setae 
D)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles 
E)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagella

Question 17

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  energized cross-bridges 
B)  myosin 
C)  actin 
D)  acetylcholine receptors 
E)  troponin 
A)  energized cross-bridges 
B)  myosin 
C)  actin 
D)  acetylcholine receptors 
E)  troponin

Question 18

What cell types within bone are responsible for the breakdown of bone tissue to permit reabsorption of calcium?

Accepted Answer

A)  osteoblasts 
B)  fibroblasts 
C)  osteoclasts 
D)  myocytes 
A)  osteoblasts 
B)  fibroblasts 
C)  osteoclasts 
D)  myocytes

Question 19

All skeletal muscle fibers are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  smooth and under involuntary control 
B)  smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibers 
C)  striated and under voluntary control 
D)  smooth and under voluntary control 
E)  striated and electrically coupled to neighboring fibers 
A)  smooth and under involuntary control 
B)  smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibers 
C)  striated and under voluntary control 
D)  smooth and under voluntary control 
E)  striated and electrically coupled to neighboring fibers

Question 20

Compared to parallel muscles, pennate muscles ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  produce more force and undergo greater shortening 
B)  produce more force and undergo less shortening 
C)  produce less force and undergo greater shortening 
D)  produce less force and undergo less shortening 
A)  produce more force and undergo greater shortening 
B)  produce more force and undergo less shortening 
C)  produce less force and undergo greater shortening 
D)  produce less force and undergo less shortening

Exam 45: Animal Movement

Against which structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely ________.

When an action potential from a motor neuron arrives at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a series of events occurs that leads to muscle contraction. Which of the following events will occur last (that is, after all of the others)?

The functions of the vertebrate skeleton include which of the following? I. maintenance of body posture II. calcium homeostasis III. transfer of muscle forces

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the ________.

Compared to slow oxidative muscle fibers, those classified as fast glycolytic fibers typically have ________.

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by ________.

What is an explanation for the pectoral or breast meat of ducks being very dark in color?

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on ________.

For a 100-gram animal, what is the most costly form of locomotion?

How does skeletal muscle return to its starting length after a contraction?

The structure that connects bone to bone in vertebrate skeletal systems is a ________.

-The structure pictured in the figure is found in ________.

Muscles are joined to bones by ________.

What is the best explanation for why elephants stand with a more upright posture and have relatively thicker bones than cats?

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ________.

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to ________.

What cell types within bone are responsible for the breakdown of bone tissue to permit reabsorption of calcium?

All skeletal muscle fibers are ________.

Compared to parallel muscles, pennate muscles ________.

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters