Question 1

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell 
B)  an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it 
C)  an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized 
D)  an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ 
E)  an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain 
A)  an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell 
B)  an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it 
C)  an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized 
D)  an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ 
E)  an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain

Question 2

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

Accepted Answer

A)  It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. 
B)  It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms. 
C)  It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. 
D)  It relies on chemiosmosis, which is a metabolic mechanism present only in the first cells' prokaryotic cells. 
E)  It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells. 
A)  It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. 
B)  It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms. 
C)  It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. 
D)  It relies on chemiosmosis, which is a metabolic mechanism present only in the first cells' prokaryotic cells. 
E)  It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells.

Question 3

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis and fermentation 
B)  fermentation and chemiosmosis 
C)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D)  citric acid cycle 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation 
A)  glycolysis and fermentation 
B)  fermentation and chemiosmosis 
C)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D)  citric acid cycle 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation

Question 4

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  oxygen 
B)  water 
C)  NAD+ 
D)  pyruvate 
E)  ADP 
A)  oxygen 
B)  water 
C)  NAD+ 
D)  pyruvate 
E)  ADP

Question 5

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. 
B)  NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. 
C)  NAD+ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases. 
D)  NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. 
E)  In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function. 
A)  NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. 
B)  NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. 
C)  NAD+ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases. 
D)  NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. 
E)  In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function.

Question 6

What kind of molecules serve as electron acceptors in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  water 
B)  polar molecules 
C)  molecules with high potential energy 
D)  molecules with low potential energy 
E)  molecules in an excited state 
A)  water 
B)  polar molecules 
C)  molecules with high potential energy 
D)  molecules with low potential energy 
E)  molecules in an excited state

Question 7

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis 
B)  accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 
C)  the citric acid cycle 
D)  the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
E)  the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP 
A)  glycolysis 
B)  accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 
C)  the citric acid cycle 
D)  the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
E)  the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Question 8

What is the major adaptive advantage of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  to reduce an electron acceptor molecule 
B)  to supply the cell with fixed carbon 
C)  to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 
D)  to generate oxygen 
E)  to utilize glucose 
A)  to reduce an electron acceptor molecule 
B)  to supply the cell with fixed carbon 
C)  to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 
D)  to generate oxygen 
E)  to utilize glucose

Question 9

Use the accompanying figure to answer the question(s) below.  
-Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three acetyl-CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle (see the accompanying figure)?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 
B)  2 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 3 FADH2 
C)  3 ATP, 3 CO2, 3 NADH, and 3 FADH2 
D)  3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2 
E)  38 ATP, 6 CO2, 3 NADH, and 12 FADH2 
A)  1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 
B)  2 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 3 FADH2 
C)  3 ATP, 3 CO2, 3 NADH, and 3 FADH2 
D)  3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2 
E)  38 ATP, 6 CO2, 3 NADH, and 12 FADH2

Question 10

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain 
B)  act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water 
C)  combine with carbon, forming CO2 
D)  combine with lactate, forming pyruvate 
E)  catalyze the reactions of glycolysis 
A)  yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain 
B)  act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water 
C)  combine with carbon, forming CO2 
D)  combine with lactate, forming pyruvate 
E)  catalyze the reactions of glycolysis

Question 11

If you were to add one of the eight citric acid cycle intermediates to the culture medium of yeast growing in the laboratory, what do you think would happen to the rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production?

Accepted Answer

A)  There would be no change in ATP production, but we would observe an increased rate of carbon dioxide production. 
B)  The rates of ATP production and carbon dioxide production would both increase. 
C)  The rate of ATP production would decrease, but the rate of carbon dioxide production would increase. 
D)  Rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production would probably both decrease. 
A)  There would be no change in ATP production, but we would observe an increased rate of carbon dioxide production. 
B)  The rates of ATP production and carbon dioxide production would both increase. 
C)  The rate of ATP production would decrease, but the rate of carbon dioxide production would increase. 
D)  Rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production would probably both decrease.

Question 12

What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?

Accepted Answer

A)  anabolic pathways 
B)  catabolic pathways 
C)  fermentation pathways 
D)  thermodynamic pathways 
E)  bioenergetic pathways 
A)  anabolic pathways 
B)  catabolic pathways 
C)  fermentation pathways 
D)  thermodynamic pathways 
E)  bioenergetic pathways

Question 13

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." The little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP.
-These inside-out membrane vesicles will ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  become acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added 
B)  become alkaline inside the vesicles when NADH is added 
C)  make ATP from ADP and   i if transferred to a pH 4 buffered solution after incubation in a pH 7 buffered solution 
D)  hydrolyze ATP to pump protons out of the interior of the vesicle to the exterior 
E)  reverse electron flow to generate NADH from NAD+ in the absence of oxygen 
A)  become acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added 
B)  become alkaline inside the vesicles when NADH is added 
C)  make ATP from ADP and   i if transferred to a pH 4 buffered solution after incubation in a pH 7 buffered solution 
D)  hydrolyze ATP to pump protons out of the interior of the vesicle to the exterior 
E)  reverse electron flow to generate NADH from NAD+ in the absence of oxygen

Question 14

Canine phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency afflicts Springer spaniels, affecting an estimated 10 percent of the breed. Given its critical role in glycolysis, one implication of the genetic defect resulting in PFK deficiency in dogs is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  early embryonic mortality 
B)  elevated blood-glucose levels in the dog's blood 
C)  an intolerance for exercise 
D)  a reduced life span 
A)  early embryonic mortality 
B)  elevated blood-glucose levels in the dog's blood 
C)  an intolerance for exercise 
D)  a reduced life span

Question 15

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Where is most of the water in this reaction produced?

Accepted Answer

A)  during glycolysis 
B)  in the citric acid cycle 
C)  during fermentation 
D)  in the electron transport chain 
A)  during glycolysis 
B)  in the citric acid cycle 
C)  during fermentation 
D)  in the electron transport chain

Question 16

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
B)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle 
C)  the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 
D)  oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation 
E)  fermentation and glycolysis 
A)  glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
B)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle 
C)  the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 
D)  oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation 
E)  fermentation and glycolysis

Question 17

Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount of ATP in a cell would be expected to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
B)  activate the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
C)  inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
D)  activate the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
E)  inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rate of glycolysis and the concentration of citrate. 
A)  inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
B)  activate the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
C)  inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
D)  activate the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
E)  inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rate of glycolysis and the concentration of citrate.

Question 18

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrolyzed 
B)  hydrogenated 
C)  oxidized 
D)  reduced 
E)  an oxidizing agent 
A)  hydrolyzed 
B)  hydrogenated 
C)  oxidized 
D)  reduced 
E)  an oxidizing agent

Question 19

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  all cells but only in the presence of oxygen 
B)  only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen 
C)  only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors 
D)  all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors 
E)  all cells, in the absence of respiration 
A)  all cells but only in the presence of oxygen 
B)  only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen 
C)  only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors 
D)  all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors 
E)  all cells, in the absence of respiration

Question 20

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  gains electrons and gains potential energy 
B)  loses electrons and loses potential energy 
C)  gains electrons and loses potential energy 
D)  loses electrons and gains potential energy 
E)  neither gains nor loses electrons but gains or loses potential energy 
A)  gains electrons and gains potential energy 
B)  loses electrons and loses potential energy 
C)  gains electrons and loses potential energy 
D)  loses electrons and gains potential energy 
E)  neither gains nor loses electrons but gains or loses potential energy

Exam 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is ________.

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is TRUE?

What kind of molecules serve as electron acceptors in cellular respiration?

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

What is the major adaptive advantage of cellular respiration?

Use the accompanying figure to answer the question(s) below. -Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three acetyl-CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle (see the accompanying figure)?

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to ________.

If you were to add one of the eight citric acid cycle intermediates to the culture medium of yeast growing in the laboratory, what do you think would happen to the rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production?

What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?

Canine phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency afflicts Springer spaniels, affecting an estimated 10 percent of the breed. Given its critical role in glycolysis, one implication of the genetic defect resulting in PFK deficiency in dogs is ________.

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Where is most of the water in this reaction produced?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount of ATP in a cell would be expected to ________.

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes ________.

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in ________.

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction ________.

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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