Question 1

Explain why L-DOPA is a standard therapy for Parkinson's disease.

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease results from degener

Question 2

The neurons of the primary motor cortex receive important inputs from the

Accepted Answer

A)  pons. 
B)  amygdala. 
C)  tertiary somatosensory cortex. 
D)  basal ganglia. 
E)  medulla. 
A)  pons. 
B)  amygdala. 
C)  tertiary somatosensory cortex. 
D)  basal ganglia. 
E)  medulla.

Question 3

3- Describe and give an example of (a) flexion and (b) extension of a limb produced by muscles.

Accepted Answer

Contraction of a flexor muscle produces

Question 4

An alpha motor neuron, its axon, and associated extrafusal fibers comprise the motor ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An alpha motor neuron, its axon, and...

Question 5

The function of the gamma motor neuron is to

Accepted Answer

A)  detect changes in the muscle fiber length. 
B)  stimulate the muscle to contract. 
C)  limit the degree of contraction of the muscle. 
D)  coordinate the contraction of extensor and flexor muscles. 
E)  control the sensitivity of the muscle spindle. 
A)  detect changes in the muscle fiber length. 
B)  stimulate the muscle to contract. 
C)  limit the degree of contraction of the muscle. 
D)  coordinate the contraction of extensor and flexor muscles. 
E)  control the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.

Question 6

A key motor function of the reticular formation is to

Accepted Answer

A)  directly excite spinal cord alpha motor neurons. 
B)  facilitate movements through inhibition of the internal division of the globus pallidus. 
C)  excite noradrenergic neurons within the substantia nigra. 
D)  control muscle tone through the gamma motor system. 
E)  control the activity of the cerebellum. 
A)  directly excite spinal cord alpha motor neurons. 
B)  facilitate movements through inhibition of the internal division of the globus pallidus. 
C)  excite noradrenergic neurons within the substantia nigra. 
D)  control muscle tone through the gamma motor system. 
E)  control the activity of the cerebellum.

Question 7

The slowness of movement noted in Parkinson's disease reflects

Accepted Answer

A)  damage to frontal cortex neurons that plan motor movements. 
B)  damage to dopamine neurons that normally facilitate motor movements via the caudate and putamen. 
C)  loss of inhibition to the motor cortex. 
D)  damage to the primary motor cortex. 
E)  loss of inhibition of the ventromedial system from the GPi. 
A)  damage to frontal cortex neurons that plan motor movements. 
B)  damage to dopamine neurons that normally facilitate motor movements via the caudate and putamen. 
C)  loss of inhibition to the motor cortex. 
D)  damage to the primary motor cortex. 
E)  loss of inhibition of the ventromedial system from the GPi.

Question 8

A primary symptom of Huntington's disease is

Accepted Answer

A)  akinesia. 
B)  dystonias. 
C)  tremor at rest. 
D)  difficulty initiating movement. 
E)  uncontrollable movements. 
A)  akinesia. 
B)  dystonias. 
C)  tremor at rest. 
D)  difficulty initiating movement. 
E)  uncontrollable movements.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres. 
B)  The cerebellum sends outputs to the spinal cord. 
C)  The cerebellum is involved in the control of eye movements. 
D)  The cerebellum contains fewer neurons than does the cerebral cortex. 
E)  The cerebellum contains about 500 billion neurons. 
A)  The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres. 
B)  The cerebellum sends outputs to the spinal cord. 
C)  The cerebellum is involved in the control of eye movements. 
D)  The cerebellum contains fewer neurons than does the cerebral cortex. 
E)  The cerebellum contains about 500 billion neurons.

Question 10

2- Damage to the intermediate zone of the cerebellum results in ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of 2- Damage to the intermediate zone of...

Question 11

A key function of ventral premotor cortex is to

Accepted Answer

A)  facilitate the performance of a series of movements. 
B)  allow primates to use visual cues to imitate the motor actions of others. 
C)  evoke the desire to perform a movement. 
D)  allow an organism to learn to respond with a specific movement to a nonarbitrary visual cue. 
E)  dampen overactivity of the basal ganglia. 
A)  facilitate the performance of a series of movements. 
B)  allow primates to use visual cues to imitate the motor actions of others. 
C)  evoke the desire to perform a movement. 
D)  allow an organism to learn to respond with a specific movement to a nonarbitrary visual cue. 
E)  dampen overactivity of the basal ganglia.

Question 12

An indirect way through which the brain modulates muscle tension is to

Accepted Answer

A)  alter the firing rate in the gamma motor system. 
B)  induce presynaptic inhibition. 
C)  block the release of acetylcholine into the junction. 
D)  excite the Golgi tendon organs. 
E)  inhibit the monosynaptic stretch reflex. 
A)  alter the firing rate in the gamma motor system. 
B)  induce presynaptic inhibition. 
C)  block the release of acetylcholine into the junction. 
D)  excite the Golgi tendon organs. 
E)  inhibit the monosynaptic stretch reflex.

Question 13

________ refers to an impairment of the ability to execute a learned movement.

Accepted Answer

A)  Paralysis 
B)  Parkinsonism 
C)  Atonia 
D)  Akinesia 
E)  Apraxia 
A)  Paralysis 
B)  Parkinsonism 
C)  Atonia 
D)  Akinesia 
E)  Apraxia

Question 14

The key nuclei of the basal ganglia include the

Accepted Answer

A)  caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. 
B)  substantia nigra. 
C)  putamen and ventral tegmental area. 
D)  globus pallidus and hippocampus. 
E)  hippocampus and amygdala. 
A)  caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. 
B)  substantia nigra. 
C)  putamen and ventral tegmental area. 
D)  globus pallidus and hippocampus. 
E)  hippocampus and amygdala.

Question 15

A key function of premotor cortex is to

Accepted Answer

A)  allow an organism to learn to respond to an arbitary visual clue with a learned, specific movement. 
B)  facilitate the performance of a series of movements. 
C)  evoke the desire to perform a movement. 
D)  allow an organism to learn to respond with a specific movement to a nonarbitrary visual cue. 
E)  modulate the activity of the basal ganglia and limbic system. 
A)  allow an organism to learn to respond to an arbitary visual clue with a learned, specific movement. 
B)  facilitate the performance of a series of movements. 
C)  evoke the desire to perform a movement. 
D)  allow an organism to learn to respond with a specific movement to a nonarbitrary visual cue. 
E)  modulate the activity of the basal ganglia and limbic system.

Question 16

Explain how Parkinson's disease results from damage to pathways that project to the basal ganglia.

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease is caused by degener

Question 17

Stimulation of the pre-SMA cortex induces

Accepted Answer

A)  automatic movements. 
B)  a visual sensation. 
C)  the strong urge to make a movement. 
D)  mild motor seizures. 
E)  suppression of motor function. 
A)  automatic movements. 
B)  a visual sensation. 
C)  the strong urge to make a movement. 
D)  mild motor seizures. 
E)  suppression of motor function.

Question 18

Which of the following terms go together?

Accepted Answer

A)  decussation; ipsilateral 
B)  ventral corticospinal tract; control of the fingers 
C)  decussation; contralateral 
D)  lateral corticospinal tract; control of the upper legs 
E)  pyramidal tract; pons 
A)  decussation; ipsilateral 
B)  ventral corticospinal tract; control of the fingers 
C)  decussation; contralateral 
D)  lateral corticospinal tract; control of the upper legs 
E)  pyramidal tract; pons

Question 19

________ muscle fibers sense muscle length but not muscle tension.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ muscle fibers sense muscle length but...

Question 20

In the concluding anecdote in the movement chapter, Mr. P. exhibited a problem in ________ due to _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  starting a leg movement; frontal cortex damage 
B)  posture; prior cocaine usage 
C)  stopping an arm movement; cerebellar damage 
D)  eye-tracking; Parkinson's disease 
E)  stopping an arm movement; frontal cortex damage 
A)  starting a leg movement; frontal cortex damage 
B)  posture; prior cocaine usage 
C)  stopping an arm movement; cerebellar damage 
D)  eye-tracking; Parkinson's disease 
E)  stopping an arm movement; frontal cortex damage

Explain why L-DOPA is a standard therapy for Parkinson's disease.

The neurons of the primary motor cortex receive important inputs from the

3- Describe and give an example of (a) flexion and (b) extension of a limb produced by muscles.

An alpha motor neuron, its axon, and associated extrafusal fibers comprise the motor ________.

The function of the gamma motor neuron is to

A key motor function of the reticular formation is to

The slowness of movement noted in Parkinson's disease reflects

A primary symptom of Huntington's disease is

Which of the following is true of the cerebellum?

2- Damage to the intermediate zone of the cerebellum results in ________.

A key function of ventral premotor cortex is to

An indirect way through which the brain modulates muscle tension is to

________ refers to an impairment of the ability to execute a learned movement.

The key nuclei of the basal ganglia include the

A key function of premotor cortex is to

Explain how Parkinson's disease results from damage to pathways that project to the basal ganglia.

Stimulation of the pre-SMA cortex induces

Which of the following terms go together?

________ muscle fibers sense muscle length but not muscle tension.

In the concluding anecdote in the movement chapter, Mr. P. exhibited a problem in __ due to _.

Introduction

Structure and Function of Cells of the Nervous System

Structure of the Nervous System

Psychopharmacology

Methods and Strategies of Research

Vision

Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Reproductive Behavior

Emotion

Ingestive Behavior

Learning and Memory

Human Communication

Neurological Disorders

Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders

Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficithyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders

Drug Abuse

Filters

Exam 8: Control of Movement

Explain why L-DOPA is a standard therapy for Parkinson's disease.

The neurons of the primary motor cortex receive important inputs from the

3- Describe and give an example of (a) flexion and (b) extension of a limb produced by muscles.

An alpha motor neuron, its axon, and associated extrafusal fibers comprise the motor ________.

The function of the gamma motor neuron is to

A key motor function of the reticular formation is to

The slowness of movement noted in Parkinson's disease reflects

A primary symptom of Huntington's disease is

Which of the following is true of the cerebellum?

2- Damage to the intermediate zone of the cerebellum results in ________.

A key function of ventral premotor cortex is to

An indirect way through which the brain modulates muscle tension is to

________ refers to an impairment of the ability to execute a learned movement.

The key nuclei of the basal ganglia include the

A key function of premotor cortex is to

Explain how Parkinson's disease results from damage to pathways that project to the basal ganglia.

Stimulation of the pre-SMA cortex induces

Which of the following terms go together?

________ muscle fibers sense muscle length but not muscle tension.

In the concluding anecdote in the movement chapter, Mr. P. exhibited a problem in ________ due to _______.

Introduction

Structure and Function of Cells of the Nervous System

Structure of the Nervous System

Psychopharmacology

Methods and Strategies of Research

Vision

Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Reproductive Behavior

Emotion

Ingestive Behavior

Learning and Memory

Human Communication

Neurological Disorders

Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders

Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficithyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders

Drug Abuse

Filters

In the concluding anecdote in the movement chapter, Mr. P. exhibited a problem in __ due to _.