Question 1

Our feelings of high or low self-worth are referred to as our

Accepted Answer

A)  narcissism 
B)  self-esteem. 
C)  optimism. 
D)  self-efficacy. 
A)  narcissism 
B)  self-esteem. 
C)  optimism. 
D)  self-efficacy.

Question 2

Most college students perceive themselves as less likely than their average classmate to have a heart attack by age 40.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditional positive regard. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  unrealistic optimism. 
D)  narcissism. 
A)  unconditional positive regard. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  unrealistic optimism. 
D)  narcissism.

Question 3

Julie's positive feelings about herself are very consistent and do not depend on her frequent athletic and academic successes or on her level of popularity among friends and classmates.Julie best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  narcissism. 
B)  low self-efficacy. 
C)  excessive optimism. 
D)  secure self-esteem. 
A)  narcissism. 
B)  low self-efficacy. 
C)  excessive optimism. 
D)  secure self-esteem.

Question 4

Melinda always signed up for the most difficult biology courses during her college years.She has a great deal of confidence in her ability to meet the challenges of these courses.Melinda is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A)  self-efficacy. 
B)  reciprocal determinism. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  self-esteem. 
A)  self-efficacy. 
B)  reciprocal determinism. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  self-esteem.

Question 5

Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to

Accepted Answer

A)  work persistently at difficult tasks. 
B)  experience the spotlight effect. 
C)  dismiss flattering descriptions of themselves as untrue. 
D)  underestimate the accuracy of their own beliefs. 
A)  work persistently at difficult tasks. 
B)  experience the spotlight effect. 
C)  dismiss flattering descriptions of themselves as untrue. 
D)  underestimate the accuracy of their own beliefs.

Question 6

A criticism of social-cognitive theories has been that they

Accepted Answer

A)  overestimate the importance of unconscious factors in personality. 
B)  fail to acknowledge the pervasive nature of self-serving bias. 
C)  underestimate the importance of enduring personality traits. 
D)  overlook the results of contemporary research on learning processes. 
A)  overestimate the importance of unconscious factors in personality. 
B)  fail to acknowledge the pervasive nature of self-serving bias. 
C)  underestimate the importance of enduring personality traits. 
D)  overlook the results of contemporary research on learning processes.

Question 7

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes the interactive influences of traits and situations on human behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  trait perspective 
B)  psychoanalytic perspective 
C)  social-cognitive perspective 
D)  humanistic perspective 
A)  trait perspective 
B)  psychoanalytic perspective 
C)  social-cognitive perspective 
D)  humanistic perspective

Question 8

Self-esteem refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  the sum total of all our thoughts about ourselves. 
B)  our concept of what we would like to be. 
C)  our feelings of high or low self-worth. 
D)  all of these characteristics. 
A)  the sum total of all our thoughts about ourselves. 
B)  our concept of what we would like to be. 
C)  our feelings of high or low self-worth. 
D)  all of these characteristics.

Question 9

When people compare their personal qualities with those of the average person,they are most likely to experience

Accepted Answer

A)  free association. 
B)  unconditional positive regard. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  high self-esteem. 
A)  free association. 
B)  unconditional positive regard. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  high self-esteem.

Question 10

Who proposed the social-cognitive perspective?

Accepted Answer

A)  Albert Bandura 
B)  Justin Kruger 
C)  David Dunning 
D)  Thomas Gilovich 
A)  Albert Bandura 
B)  Justin Kruger 
C)  David Dunning 
D)  Thomas Gilovich

Question 11

Your score on an extraversion test does not neatly predict how sociable you will be on any given occasion.This observation is most clearly highlighted by ________ theories.

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoanalytic 
B)  social-cognitive 
C)  trait 
D)  humanistic 
A)  psychoanalytic 
B)  social-cognitive 
C)  trait 
D)  humanistic

Question 12

In contemporary psychology,the self is considered to be the

Accepted Answer

A)  part of personality that represents our internalized standards of morality. 
B)  totality of our feelings of unconditional positive regard. 
C)  organizer of our thoughts,feelings,and actions. 
D)  inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. 
A)  part of personality that represents our internalized standards of morality. 
B)  totality of our feelings of unconditional positive regard. 
C)  organizer of our thoughts,feelings,and actions. 
D)  inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.

Question 13

Jeff's work colleague,Harold,just received a bonus for excellent performance of his job.Jeff believes that he also performed well and so attributes the bonus to the fact that their boss likes Harold better than him.This demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A)  a self-serving bias. 
B)  a possible self-evaluation. 
C)  excessive optimism. 
D)  low self-esteem. 
A)  a self-serving bias. 
B)  a possible self-evaluation. 
C)  excessive optimism. 
D)  low self-esteem.

Question 14

Bethany has a strong sense of competence and effectiveness in her profession.She does not back down from any professional challenge because she believes she can meet any challenge.According to the social-cognitive perspective,Bethany's belief in herself illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  self-efficacy. 
B)  defensive self-esteem. 
C)  self-serving bias. 
D)  collectivism. 
A)  self-efficacy. 
B)  defensive self-esteem. 
C)  self-serving bias. 
D)  collectivism.

Question 15

The tendency to accept more personal responsibility for one's successes than for one's failures best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  self-serving bias. 
C)  unconditional positive regard. 
D)  the spotlight effect. 
A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  self-serving bias. 
C)  unconditional positive regard. 
D)  the spotlight effect.

Question 16

Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  environmental influences. 
B)  unconscious motives. 
C)  personality traits. 
D)  genetic influences. 
A)  environmental influences. 
B)  unconscious motives. 
C)  personality traits. 
D)  genetic influences.

Question 17

Accepting ourselves without excessive dependence on the approval of others best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  free association. 
C)  self-serving bias. 
D)  secure self-esteem. 
A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  free association. 
C)  self-serving bias. 
D)  secure self-esteem.

Question 18

Our genetically influenced traits evoke certain responses in others,which lead us to develop specific social-interaction skills.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  free association. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  unconditional positive regard. 
D)  gene-environment interactions. 
A)  free association. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  unconditional positive regard. 
D)  gene-environment interactions.

Question 19

Self-confidence that is easily punctured by criticism is most indicative of

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditional positive regard. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  defensive self-esteem. 
D)  free association. 
A)  unconditional positive regard. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  defensive self-esteem. 
D)  free association.

Question 20

Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority.This best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  self-serving bias. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  reciprocal determinism. 
D)  free association. 
A)  self-serving bias. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  reciprocal determinism. 
D)  free association.

Exam 47: Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Our feelings of high or low self-worth are referred to as our

Most college students perceive themselves as less likely than their average classmate to have a heart attack by age 40.This best illustrates

Julie's positive feelings about herself are very consistent and do not depend on her frequent athletic and academic successes or on her level of popularity among friends and classmates.Julie best illustrates

Melinda always signed up for the most difficult biology courses during her college years.She has a great deal of confidence in her ability to meet the challenges of these courses.Melinda is demonstrating

Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to

A criticism of social-cognitive theories has been that they

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes the interactive influences of traits and situations on human behavior?

Self-esteem refers to

When people compare their personal qualities with those of the average person,they are most likely to experience

Who proposed the social-cognitive perspective?

Your score on an extraversion test does not neatly predict how sociable you will be on any given occasion.This observation is most clearly highlighted by ________ theories.

In contemporary psychology,the self is considered to be the

Jeff's work colleague,Harold,just received a bonus for excellent performance of his job.Jeff believes that he also performed well and so attributes the bonus to the fact that their boss likes Harold better than him.This demonstrates

Bethany has a strong sense of competence and effectiveness in her profession.She does not back down from any professional challenge because she believes she can meet any challenge.According to the social-cognitive perspective,Bethany's belief in herself illustrates

The tendency to accept more personal responsibility for one's successes than for one's failures best illustrates

Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of

Accepting ourselves without excessive dependence on the approval of others best illustrates

Our genetically influenced traits evoke certain responses in others,which lead us to develop specific social-interaction skills.This best illustrates the impact of

Self-confidence that is easily punctured by criticism is most indicative of

Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority.This best illustrates the importance of

The History and Scope of Psychology

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

Neural and Hormonal Systems

The Brain

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Environmental Influences on Behavior, and Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood, and Reflections on Developmental Issues

Introduction to Sensation and Perception

Vision

Hearing

Other Senses

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Interpretation

Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Learning by Observation

Introduction to Memory

Encoding: Getting Information In

Storage: Retaining Information

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education

Thinking

Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Introduction to Motivation

Hunger

Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Motivation at Work

Introduction to Emotion

Experienced Emotion

Expressed Emotion

Stress and Illness

Coping With Stress

Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Contemporary Research on Personality

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative and Personality Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia

The Psychological Therapies

Evaluating Psychotherapies

The Biomedical Therapies

Social Thinking

Appendix

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