Question 1

As the organizer of our thoughts,feelings,and actions,the self is considered to be

Accepted Answer

A)  the center of personality. 
B)  a result of environmental influences. 
C)  a product of gene-environment interaction. 
D)  a narcissistic trait. 
A)  the center of personality. 
B)  a result of environmental influences. 
C)  a product of gene-environment interaction. 
D)  a narcissistic trait.

Question 2

When Professor McKay nervously began teaching a university class for the first time,he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious.His reaction best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  self-serving bias. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  narcissism. 
D)  reciprocal determinism. 
A)  self-serving bias. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  narcissism. 
D)  reciprocal determinism.

Question 3

The social-cognitive perspective most clearly emphasizes that the development of personality is partially learned through ________ and imitating the behavior of others.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditional positive regard 
B)  heredity 
C)  our self-concept 
D)  conditioning 
A)  unconditional positive regard 
B)  heredity 
C)  our self-concept 
D)  conditioning

Question 4

In one analysis of 71 studies,most people shifted their performance expectations ________ shortly ________ receiving feedback on their actual performance.

Accepted Answer

A)  upward;before 
B)  downward;before 
C)  upward;after 
D)  downward;after 
A)  upward;before 
B)  downward;before 
C)  upward;after 
D)  downward;after

Question 5

Researchers have found that personal insults are especially likely to trigger a response of aggression from those who experience

Accepted Answer

A)  high self-efficacy. 
B)  reaction formation. 
C)  inflated self-esteem. 
D)  unconditional positive regard. 
A)  high self-efficacy. 
B)  reaction formation. 
C)  inflated self-esteem. 
D)  unconditional positive regard.

Question 6

Jacinda failed her last history midterm.Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part?

Accepted Answer

A)  "I really didn't prepare well enough for that test." 
B)  "I wasn't concentrating as hard as I should have during the test." 
C)  "I lack ability in history." 
D)  "I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing." 
A)  "I really didn't prepare well enough for that test." 
B)  "I wasn't concentrating as hard as I should have during the test." 
C)  "I lack ability in history." 
D)  "I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing."

Question 7

Most college students perceive themselves as less likely than their average classmate to develop drinking problems.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditional positive regard. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  unrealistic optimism. 
D)  low self-efficacy. 
A)  unconditional positive regard. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  unrealistic optimism. 
D)  low self-efficacy.

Question 8

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our

Accepted Answer

A)  temperaments. 
B)  situations. 
C)  fixations. 
D)  self-concepts. 
A)  temperaments. 
B)  situations. 
C)  fixations. 
D)  self-concepts.

Question 9

The "ignorance of our own incompetence" phenomenon is now referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  self-serving bias. 
B)  the Dunning-Kruger effect. 
C)  learned helplessness. 
D)  Bandura's social-cognitive theory. 
A)  self-serving bias. 
B)  the Dunning-Kruger effect. 
C)  learned helplessness. 
D)  Bandura's social-cognitive theory.

Question 10

Ignorance of what we don't know sustains our

Accepted Answer

A)  self-esteem. 
B)  self-image. 
C)  self-efficacy. 
D)  self-confidence. 
A)  self-esteem. 
B)  self-image. 
C)  self-efficacy. 
D)  self-confidence.

Question 11

Narcissistic people have been observed to take a(n)________ approach to their romantic relationships.

Accepted Answer

A)  empathic 
B)  introverted 
C)  game-playing 
D)  self-sacrificing 
A)  empathic 
B)  introverted 
C)  game-playing 
D)  self-sacrificing

Question 12

A person whose self-esteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  demonstrate an independence from social pressure to conform. 
B)  disparage others. 
C)  experience narcissism. 
D)  be motivated by a desire for self-actualization. 
A)  demonstrate an independence from social pressure to conform. 
B)  disparage others. 
C)  experience narcissism. 
D)  be motivated by a desire for self-actualization.

Question 13

Jackson can see himself becoming just like his father - overweight,unhealthy,and depressed.To prevent that from happening,Jackson carefully monitors his food intake and engages in a regular program of exercise with a group of supportive friends.Jackson's healthy lifestyle best illustrates the motivational impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  possible selves. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  unconditional positive regard. 
A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  possible selves. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  unconditional positive regard.

Question 14

Which perspective emphasized that we learn many of our behaviors either through conditioning or by observing and imitating others?

Accepted Answer

A)  social-cognitive perspective 
B)  humanistic perspective 
C)  psychoanalytic perspective 
D)  psychodynamic perspective 
A)  social-cognitive perspective 
B)  humanistic perspective 
C)  psychoanalytic perspective 
D)  psychodynamic perspective

Question 15

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  self-serving bias. 
B)  reciprocal determinism. 
C)  unconditional positive regard. 
D)  the spotlight effect. 
A)  self-serving bias. 
B)  reciprocal determinism. 
C)  unconditional positive regard. 
D)  the spotlight effect.

Question 16

According to social-cognitive psychologists,one of the best ways to predict a person's future behavior is to

Accepted Answer

A)  identify that person's most central traits by having him or her take a personality inventory. 
B)  observe that person's behavior in various relevant situations. 
C)  assess that person's general level of self-esteem. 
D)  uncover that person's hidden motives,as revealed by projective tests. 
A)  identify that person's most central traits by having him or her take a personality inventory. 
B)  observe that person's behavior in various relevant situations. 
C)  assess that person's general level of self-esteem. 
D)  uncover that person's hidden motives,as revealed by projective tests.

Question 17

Joshua has a predisposition for aggressive behavior.As a child,he was physically abused and lived in a neighborhood in which a lot of violent gangs roamed the streets.By the time Joshua was 18 he had been arrested multiple times for aggressive actions against other teens.Joshua's aggressive behavior is a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  group identification. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  reduced self-worth. 
D)  gene-environment interactions. 
A)  group identification. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  reduced self-worth. 
D)  gene-environment interactions.

Question 18

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks,she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice.Her reaction best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  the spotlight effect. 
B)  defensive self-esteem. 
C)  reciprocal determinism. 
D)  self-efficacy. 
A)  the spotlight effect. 
B)  defensive self-esteem. 
C)  reciprocal determinism. 
D)  self-efficacy.

Question 19

A sense of personal self-worth is called

Accepted Answer

A)  self-esteem. 
B)  self-efficacy. 
C)  self-monitoring. 
D)  self-disclosure. 
A)  self-esteem. 
B)  self-efficacy. 
C)  self-monitoring. 
D)  self-disclosure.

Question 20

Because Mr.Maloney trusts his employees,he treats them kindly.His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf,which in turn increases his trust in them.This pattern of trust,kindness,diligence,and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by

Accepted Answer

A)  a fixation. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  free association. 
D)  reciprocal determinism. 
A)  a fixation. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  free association. 
D)  reciprocal determinism.

Exam 47: Introduction to Psychological Disorders

As the organizer of our thoughts,feelings,and actions,the self is considered to be

When Professor McKay nervously began teaching a university class for the first time,he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious.His reaction best illustrates

The social-cognitive perspective most clearly emphasizes that the development of personality is partially learned through ________ and imitating the behavior of others.

In one analysis of 71 studies,most people shifted their performance expectations ________ shortly ________ receiving feedback on their actual performance.

Researchers have found that personal insults are especially likely to trigger a response of aggression from those who experience

Jacinda failed her last history midterm.Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part?

Most college students perceive themselves as less likely than their average classmate to develop drinking problems.This best illustrates

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our

The "ignorance of our own incompetence" phenomenon is now referred to as

Ignorance of what we don't know sustains our

Narcissistic people have been observed to take a(n)________ approach to their romantic relationships.

A person whose self-esteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to

Which perspective emphasized that we learn many of our behaviors either through conditioning or by observing and imitating others?

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments.This best illustrates

According to social-cognitive psychologists,one of the best ways to predict a person's future behavior is to

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks,she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice.Her reaction best illustrates

A sense of personal self-worth is called

Because Mr.Maloney trusts his employees,he treats them kindly.His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf,which in turn increases his trust in them.This pattern of trust,kindness,diligence,and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by

The History and Scope of Psychology

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

Neural and Hormonal Systems

The Brain

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Environmental Influences on Behavior, and Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood, and Reflections on Developmental Issues

Introduction to Sensation and Perception

Vision

Hearing

Other Senses

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Interpretation

Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Learning by Observation

Introduction to Memory

Encoding: Getting Information In

Storage: Retaining Information

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education

Thinking

Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Introduction to Motivation

Hunger

Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Motivation at Work

Introduction to Emotion

Experienced Emotion

Expressed Emotion

Stress and Illness

Coping With Stress

Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Contemporary Research on Personality

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative and Personality Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia

The Psychological Therapies

Evaluating Psychotherapies

The Biomedical Therapies

Social Thinking

Appendix

Filters

In one analysis of 71 studies,most people shifted their performance expectations shortly receiving feedback on their actual performance.