Exam 4: Learning

Analogy: Negative reinforcement is to punishment as _______ is to _______.

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist.However,it was discovered by a ___________.

Bandura's seminal study of observational learning involved watching children and their interactions with Bobo dolls.

In Bandura's classic (1965)study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll,__________ .

A reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself is called a ________ reinforcer.

According to the law of effect,a behavior is MOST likely to be stamped in,or repeated,when it is __________ .

A child is praised for using his fork instead of his fingers to eat some spaghetti.This is an example of __________ reinforcement.

When Karawynn Long trained her cat Misha to use a toilet instead of a litter box,the last step in the training was teaching the cat to flush the toilet.

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

The person MOST closely associated with the Law of Effect is ___________.

Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods.Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour.The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of _____________.

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.

The fact that a reward will increase the future likelihood of a response that produced it is known as:

Operant conditioning assumes that:

Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final,terminal behavior is called:

Fred is afraid of spiders.He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them.When he sees a picture of a spider,he has a panic attack,but when he avoids looking at the image,his panic goes away.Fred's avoidance of spiders is being __________________.

Dad is watching a home improvement show about how to install a new sink.He really wants to do it and watches the show intently.He knows that his wife will reward him when he is done.However,when he tests the new sink,water spurts everywhere.Taking the new sink apart,he finds that he has left out the crucial washers in the faucet assembly even though this was emphasized in the TV show.What part of Bandura's theory of the necessary components of observational learning is most likely the reason for this disaster?

Biofeedback is an application of _________.

Albert was a little boy who was shown to be remarkably resistant to having his emotional responses conditioned by Watson.Watson presented Albert with a cute little furry rat and then rang a loud bell.Later,Albert should have become scared of the bell,but this never happened.

Who added the concept of reinforcement to learning theory?