Question 1

Discuss some of the reasons why the same dose of a drug in the same person can have different effects at different times.

Accepted Answer

Learned tolerance and sensitization can alter the growth of dendrites and spine density as a function of the drug's effect and specific behaviors performed while exposed to the drug. This is believed to lead to increased or decreased responses to the drug based upon experience with it, independent of the dose of the drug.

Question 2

Identify and describe the three kinds of drug tolerance.

Accepted Answer

In all cases these reactions to the drug follow repeated exposure to it: 1) metabolic tolerance, where the decreased response to a specific dosage of the drug is due to increased metabolism of the drug before it reaches its neural sites of action; 2) cellular tolerance, where the decreased response to a specific dosage of the drug is due to decreased cellular sensitivity to the drug; 3) leaned tolerance, where the decreased response to a specific dosage of the drug is due to learning to cope with life demands while under the influence of the drug.

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the item in each question with the most appropriate alternative in the list below.
-area postrema ___

Accepted Answer

A) vomit response 
B) Parkinson's disease 
C) benzodiazepine 
D) blood-brain barrier 
A) vomit response 
B) Parkinson's disease 
C) benzodiazepine 
D) blood-brain barrier A

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the item in each question with the correct alternative from the list below.
-metabolic tolerance ___

Accepted Answer

A) NMDA receptor 
B) heroin antagonist 
C) anandamide 
D) liver enzymes 
A) NMDA receptor 
B) heroin antagonist 
C) anandamide 
D) liver enzymes

Question 5

What brain effects did Robinson see during amphetamine sensitization?

Accepted Answer

Robinson saw increased dendritic growth

Question 6

Compare the chemical messengers and target organs of the fast and slow pathways that contribute to the stress response.
Answer Key

Accepted Answer

The body's stress response is mediated b

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the item in each question with the most appropriate alternative in the list below.
-MPTP ___

Accepted Answer

A) vomit response 
B) Parkinson's disease 
C) benzodiazepine 
D) blood-brain barrier 
A) vomit response 
B) Parkinson's disease 
C) benzodiazepine 
D) blood-brain barrier

Question 8

What characterizes drugs that can easily reach the brain?

Accepted Answer

Drugs that can easily reach th

Question 9

Explain how activation of the GABA receptor can cause sedation.

Accepted Answer

Excitation of GABA receptors produces an

Question 10

How do drugs such as Prozac affect serotonin levels at brain synapses?

Accepted Answer

Such drugs prolong the availab

Question 11

Why must certain chemicals be transported to neurons within the brain? How is this accomplished?

Accepted Answer

The feet of astrocytes meet the endothel

Question 12

What are the stages in the wanting - and - liking theory (incentive - sensitization theory) of drug addiction?

Accepted Answer

With repeated use of a particu

Question 13

How do hormones such as insulin and cortisol act in opposition to maintain physiological function at an optimal level?

Accepted Answer

Insulin instructs the liver to store glu

Question 14

Compare and contrast the actions of neurotransmitters and hormones.

Accepted Answer

Hormones act more slowly and by changing

Question 15

What are the mechanisms by which excessive glutamate release is thought to injure neurons?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate receptor activation results in

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the drug in each question with the correct alternative from the list below.
-caffeine ___

Accepted Answer

A) adenosine agonist 
B) opioid agonist 
C) opioid antagonist 
D) dopamine agonist 
A) adenosine agonist 
B) opioid agonist 
C) opioid antagonist 
D) dopamine agonist

Question 17

Identify the barriers that an injected drug must cross to reach the brain.

Accepted Answer

There are no barriers if the drug is inj

Question 18

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the item in each question with the correct alternative from the list below.
-nalorphine ___

Accepted Answer

A) NMDA receptor 
B) heroin antagonist 
C) anandamide 
D) liver enzymes 
A) NMDA receptor 
B) heroin antagonist 
C) anandamide 
D) liver enzymes

Question 19

What is the evidence that the dopamine system is involved in drug addiction?

Accepted Answer

Many kinds of abused and addictive drugs

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the item in each question with the most appropriate alternative in the list below.
-Valium ___

Accepted Answer

A) vomit response 
B) Parkinson's disease 
C) benzodiazepine 
D) blood-brain barrier 
A) vomit response 
B) Parkinson's disease 
C) benzodiazepine 
D) blood-brain barrier

Exam 6: Extension: B - The Influence of Drugs and Hormones on Behavior

Discuss some of the reasons why the same dose of a drug in the same person can have different effects at different times.

Identify and describe the three kinds of drug tolerance.

Use the following to answer questions: Match the item in each question with the most appropriate alternative in the list below. -area postrema ___

Use the following to answer questions: Match the item in each question with the correct alternative from the list below. -metabolic tolerance ___

What brain effects did Robinson see during amphetamine sensitization?

Compare the chemical messengers and target organs of the fast and slow pathways that contribute to the stress response. Answer Key

Use the following to answer questions: Match the item in each question with the most appropriate alternative in the list below. -MPTP ___

What characterizes drugs that can easily reach the brain?

Explain how activation of the GABA receptor can cause sedation.

How do drugs such as Prozac affect serotonin levels at brain synapses?

Why must certain chemicals be transported to neurons within the brain? How is this accomplished?

What are the stages in the wanting - and - liking theory (incentive - sensitization theory) of drug addiction?

How do hormones such as insulin and cortisol act in opposition to maintain physiological function at an optimal level?

Compare and contrast the actions of neurotransmitters and hormones.

What are the mechanisms by which excessive glutamate release is thought to injure neurons?

Use the following to answer questions: Match the drug in each question with the correct alternative from the list below. -caffeine ___

Identify the barriers that an injected drug must cross to reach the brain.

Use the following to answer questions: Match the item in each question with the correct alternative from the list below. -nalorphine ___

What is the evidence that the dopamine system is involved in drug addiction?

Use the following to answer questions: Match the item in each question with the most appropriate alternative in the list below. -Valium ___

Extension: A - The Development of Neuropsychology

Extension: B - The Development of Neuropsychology

Extension: C - The Development of Neuropsychology

Extension: A - Research on the Origins of the Human Brain and Behavior

Extension: B - Research on the Origins of the Human Brain and Behavior

Extension: C - Research on the Origins of the Human Brain and Behavior

Extension: A - Nervous System Organization

Extension: B - Nervous System Organization

Extension: C - Nervous System Organization

Extension: A - the Structure and Electrical Activity of Neurons

Extension: B - the Structure and Electrical Activity of Neurons

Extension: C - the Structure and Electrical Activity of Neurons

Extension: A - Communication Between Neurons

Extension: B - Communication Between Neurons

Extension: C - Communication Between Neurons

Extension: A - The Influence of Drugs and Hormones on Behavior

Extension: C - The Influence of Drugs and Hormones on Behavior

Extension: A - Imaging the Brains Activity

Extension: B - Imaging the Brains Activity

Extension: C - Imaging the Brains Activity

Extension: A - Organization of the Sensory Systems

Extension: B - Organization of the Sensory Systems

Extension: C - Organization of the Sensory Systems

Extension: A - Organization of the Motor System

Extension: B - Organization of the Motor System

Extension: C - Organization of the Motor System

Extension: A - Principles of Neurocortical Function

Extension: B - Principles of Neurocortical Function

Extension: C - Principles of Neurocortical Function

Extension: A - Cerebral Asymmetry

Extension: B - Cerebral Asymmetry

Extension: C - Cerebral Asymmetry

Extension: A - Variations in Cerebral Asymmetry

Extension: B - Variations in Cerebral Asymmetry

Extension: C - Variations in Cerebral Asymmetry

Extension: A - The Occipital Lobes

Extension: B - The Occipital Lobes

Extension: C - The Occipital Lobes

Extension: A - The Parietal Lobes

Extension: B - The Parietal Lobes

Extension: C - The Parietal Lobes

Extension: A - The Temporal Lobes

Extension: B - The Temporal Lobes

Extension: C - The Temporal Lobes

Extension: A - The Frontal Lobes

Extension: B - The Frontal Lobes

Extension: C - The Frontal Lobes

Extension: A - Cortical Networks and Disconnection Syndromes

Extension: B - Cortical Networks and Disconnection Syndromes

Extension: C - Cortical Networks and Disconnection Syndromes

Extension: A - Learning and Memory

Extension: B - Learning and Memory

Extension: C - Learning and Memory

Extension: A - Language

Extension: B - Language

Extension: C - Language

Extension: A - Emotion and the Social Brain

Extension: B - Emotion and the Social Brain

Extension: C - Emotion and the Social Brain