Question 1

What is the order in development for the different types of genes?

Accepted Answer

A) Maternal effect, gap rule, pair rule, segment polarity 
B) Maternal effect, gap rule, segment polarity, pair rule 
C) Maternal effect, pair rule, segment polarity, gap rule 
D) Maternal effect, segment polarity, gap rule, pair rule 
A) Maternal effect, gap rule, pair rule, segment polarity 
B) Maternal effect, gap rule, segment polarity, pair rule 
C) Maternal effect, pair rule, segment polarity, gap rule 
D) Maternal effect, segment polarity, gap rule, pair rule

Question 2

What is the most significant advantage of using RNAi to study development?

Accepted Answer

A) Geneticists have only been able to identify a subset of the genes involved in development. 
B) Genetic studies on a single gene can be completed without the creation or isolation of new mutant organisms. 
C) RNA is easy to isolate. 
D) RNAi causes phenotypes not typical of in vivo development. 
A) Geneticists have only been able to identify a subset of the genes involved in development. 
B) Genetic studies on a single gene can be completed without the creation or isolation of new mutant organisms. 
C) RNA is easy to isolate. 
D) RNAi causes phenotypes not typical of in vivo development.

Question 3

In Drosophila, two maternal transcripts that are distributed evenly throughout the oocyte prior to fertilization are:

Accepted Answer

A) caudal and knirps 
B) bicoid and nanos 
C) caudal and hunchback 
D) None of the choices is correct. 
A) caudal and knirps 
B) bicoid and nanos 
C) caudal and hunchback 
D) None of the choices is correct.

Question 4

Which model organism would be best suited for studying cellular lineage, ?

Accepted Answer

A) E.coli 
B) S.cerevisiae 
C) C.elegans 
D) M.musculus 
A) E.coli 
B) S.cerevisiae 
C) C.elegans 
D) M.musculus

Question 5

In primary mutant screens

Accepted Answer

A) mutant flies are identifed by morphology and then the genes that are mutated isolated and studied. 
B) mutant flies are created by RNAi using random RNA sequences and then the genes affected identified. 
C) mutant flies are created by gain-of-function expression of random genes. 
D) two mutant flies are mated to determine if their is an affect on morphology. 
A) mutant flies are identifed by morphology and then the genes that are mutated isolated and studied. 
B) mutant flies are created by RNAi using random RNA sequences and then the genes affected identified. 
C) mutant flies are created by gain-of-function expression of random genes. 
D) two mutant flies are mated to determine if their is an affect on morphology.

Question 6

What is a major advantage of using a sensitizer screen as opposed to a primary screen?

Accepted Answer

A) Sensitizer screens can be used to identify redundant genes. 
B) Sensitizer screens are eassier to perform. 
C) Sensitizer screens are a random selection of flies based on their morphology and therefore should identify all genes invovled in development. 
D) Sensitizer screen are performed with chemically mutagenized flies so any and all genes that affect development should be identified more rapidly than screening for spontaneous mutants. 
A) Sensitizer screens can be used to identify redundant genes. 
B) Sensitizer screens are eassier to perform. 
C) Sensitizer screens are a random selection of flies based on their morphology and therefore should identify all genes invovled in development. 
D) Sensitizer screen are performed with chemically mutagenized flies so any and all genes that affect development should be identified more rapidly than screening for spontaneous mutants.

Question 7

A partial loss-of-function mutation is

Accepted Answer

A) null. 
B) hypomorphic. 
C) conditional. 
D) dominant-negative. 
A) null. 
B) hypomorphic. 
C) conditional. 
D) dominant-negative.

Question 8

The Aniridia gene in humans is involved in eye formation.Although eye development is very different in flies, this gene is highly conserved.What is its homolog in Drosophila?

Accepted Answer

A) eyeless (ey) 
B) Pax-6 
C) noeye 
D) ommatidia 
A) eyeless (ey) 
B) Pax-6 
C) noeye 
D) ommatidia

Question 9

Which of the following is not a type of loss-of-function mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) conditional 
B) hypomorphic 
C) null 
D) dominant-negative 
E) ectopic 
A) conditional 
B) hypomorphic 
C) null 
D) dominant-negative 
E) ectopic

Question 10

Ligands that circulate throughout the body and signal developmental differentiation are called

Accepted Answer

A) juxtacrine factors. 
B) paracrine factors. 
C) endocrine factors. 
D) autocrine factors. 
A) juxtacrine factors. 
B) paracrine factors. 
C) endocrine factors. 
D) autocrine factors.

Question 11

The presence of a homeodomain in a protein suggests what about its function?

Accepted Answer

A) It has kinase activity. 
B) It is a membrane bound receptor. 
C) It is a secreted protein. 
D) It is a transcription factor. 
A) It has kinase activity. 
B) It is a membrane bound receptor. 
C) It is a secreted protein. 
D) It is a transcription factor.

Question 12

What is the most common cause of rare spontaneous ectopic gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A) insertion mutation 
B) deletion mutation 
C) a mutation that moves the gene next to a new regulatory element 
D) None of the choices is correct. 
A) insertion mutation 
B) deletion mutation 
C) a mutation that moves the gene next to a new regulatory element 
D) None of the choices is correct.

Question 13

What technique would you use to best determine when and in what cells of a given tissue a specific gene is expressed?

Accepted Answer

A) Northern analysis 
B) in situ hybridization 
C) RT-PCR 
D) Southern analysis 
A) Northern analysis 
B) in situ hybridization 
C) RT-PCR 
D) Southern analysis

Question 14

A ligand secreted from a cell to a nearby cell that signals developmental differentiation is called

Accepted Answer

A) juxtacrine factor. 
B) paracrine factor. 
C) endocrine factor. 
D) autocrine factor. 
A) juxtacrine factor. 
B) paracrine factor. 
C) endocrine factor. 
D) autocrine factor.

Question 15

Evolution has had what effect on development in various organisms?

Accepted Answer

A) varying 
B) conservation of many genes and genetic pathways 
C) removal of all mutations. 
D) none 
A) varying 
B) conservation of many genes and genetic pathways 
C) removal of all mutations. 
D) none

Question 16

Screening for maternal-effect mutations would involve looking for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) unusual phenotypes in female progeny 
B) embryos that are all obviously developmentally arrested 
C) asymmetric mutations 
D) eggs that can not be fertilized 
A) unusual phenotypes in female progeny 
B) embryos that are all obviously developmentally arrested 
C) asymmetric mutations 
D) eggs that can not be fertilized

Question 17

What technique would be used to best study a phenocopy?

Accepted Answer

A) RNAi 
B) transgene 
C) isolation of mutations 
D) QTL mapping analysis 
A) RNAi 
B) transgene 
C) isolation of mutations 
D) QTL mapping analysis

Question 18

What type of mutation is particularly useful to researchers who wish to study a gene's effect on development when a natural loss-of function mutation has not yet been isolated?

Accepted Answer

A) haploinsufficient 
B) hypomorphic 
C) conditional 
D) dominant-negative 
A) haploinsufficient 
B) hypomorphic 
C) conditional 
D) dominant-negative

Question 19

Gene order can be inferred from gene expression patterns since

Accepted Answer

A) proteins that act first in a pathway are ususally expressed before proteins that act later in a pathway. 
B) mRNA for proteins in a pathway are produced at the same time but then are translated only when the proteins are needed. 
C) proteins in a pathway are produced at the same time but the proteins that are not needed are degraded. 
D) mRNAs for proteins in a pathway are produced at the same time and thost that are not needed are destabilized by miRNAs. 
A) proteins that act first in a pathway are ususally expressed before proteins that act later in a pathway. 
B) mRNA for proteins in a pathway are produced at the same time but then are translated only when the proteins are needed. 
C) proteins in a pathway are produced at the same time but the proteins that are not needed are degraded. 
D) mRNAs for proteins in a pathway are produced at the same time and thost that are not needed are destabilized by miRNAs.

Question 20

Mutations that disrupt the earliest stages of human development almost always cause

Accepted Answer

A) no effect. 
B) polydactyly. 
C) spontaneous abortion. 
D) disruption of the segmented body plan. 
A) no effect. 
B) polydactyly. 
C) spontaneous abortion. 
D) disruption of the segmented body plan.

Exam 18: The Genetic Analysis of Development

What is the order in development for the different types of genes?

What is the most significant advantage of using RNAi to study development?

In Drosophila, two maternal transcripts that are distributed evenly throughout the oocyte prior to fertilization are:

Which model organism would be best suited for studying cellular lineage, ?

In primary mutant screens

What is a major advantage of using a sensitizer screen as opposed to a primary screen?

A partial loss-of-function mutation is

The Aniridia gene in humans is involved in eye formation.Although eye development is very different in flies, this gene is highly conserved.What is its homolog in Drosophila?

Which of the following is not a type of loss-of-function mutation?

Ligands that circulate throughout the body and signal developmental differentiation are called

The presence of a homeodomain in a protein suggests what about its function?

What is the most common cause of rare spontaneous ectopic gene expression?

What technique would you use to best determine when and in what cells of a given tissue a specific gene is expressed?

A ligand secreted from a cell to a nearby cell that signals developmental differentiation is called

Evolution has had what effect on development in various organisms?

Screening for maternal-effect mutations would involve looking for which of the following?

What technique would be used to best study a phenocopy?

What type of mutation is particularly useful to researchers who wish to study a gene's effect on development when a natural loss-of function mutation has not yet been isolated?

Gene order can be inferred from gene expression patterns since

Mutations that disrupt the earliest stages of human development almost always cause

Genetics: The Study of Biological Information

Mendels Principles of Heredity

Extensions to Mendels Laws

The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Linkage, Recombination, and the Mapping of Genes on Chromosomes

DNA Structure, Replication, and Recombination

Anatomy and Function of a Gene: Dissection Through Mutation

Gene Expression: The Flow of Information From DNA to RNA to Protein

Digital Analysis of Genomes

Analyzing Genomic Information

The Eukaryotic Chromosome

Chromosomal Rearrangements and Changes in Chromosome Number

Bacterial Genetics

Organellar Inheritance

Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes

Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

Manipulating the Genomes of Eukaryotes

The Genetics of Cancer

Variation and Selection in Populations

Genetics of Complex Traits

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