Question 1

A patient has a bone density T score of -2.8. What diagnosis does the health care professional educate the patient on?

Accepted Answer

A) Osteoplasia 
B) Osteoporosis 
C) Osteopenia 
D) Osteomalacia 
A) Osteoplasia 
B) Osteoporosis 
C) Osteopenia 
D) Osteomalacia

Question 2

A patient in the clinic has calcium crystals that are associated with chronic gout. How does the professional document this finding?

Accepted Answer

A) Stones 
B) Spurs 
C) Tophi 
D) Nodes 
A) Stones 
B) Spurs 
C) Tophi 
D) Nodes

Question 3

A health care professional is teaching a group of college women about increasing calcium in the diet to prevent osteoporosis. A participant asks at what age is peak bone mass is reached in women. What response is best?

Accepted Answer

A) 15 years 
B) 20 years 
C) 30 years 
D) 35 years 
A) 15 years 
B) 20 years 
C) 30 years 
D) 35 years

Question 4

A patient has a temporary displacement of two bones causing the bone surfaces to partially lose contact with each other. What treatment does the health care professional prepare the patient for?

Accepted Answer

A) Internal fixation 
B) Reduction and immobilization 
C) Calcium phosphate cement 
D) Low-density ultrasound 
A) Internal fixation 
B) Reduction and immobilization 
C) Calcium phosphate cement 
D) Low-density ultrasound

Question 5

Which structure attaches skeletal muscle to bone?

Accepted Answer

A) Tendon 
B) Ligament 
C) Bursa 
D) Mesentery 
A) Tendon 
B) Ligament 
C) Bursa 
D) Mesentery

Question 6

Which structures are most often affected by Paget disease? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Vertebrae 
B) Skull 
C) Sternum 
D) Metacarpals 
E) Pelvis 
A) Vertebrae 
B) Skull 
C) Sternum 
D) Metacarpals 
E) Pelvis

Question 7

Bone death as a result of osteomyelitis is due to what?

Accepted Answer

A) Formation of immune complexes at the site of infection 
B) Localized ischemia 
C) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) 
D) Impaired nerve innervation at the site of infection 
A) Formation of immune complexes at the site of infection 
B) Localized ischemia 
C) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) 
D) Impaired nerve innervation at the site of infection

Question 8

A patient has ankylosing spondylitis. Which description of this condition by the health care professional is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Chronic inflammatory disease with stiffening and fusion of the spine and sacroiliac joints 
B) Chronic systemic inflammatory disease that affects many tissues and organs 
C) State of abnormal and excessive bone resorption and formation 
D) Wide-spread and deep chronic muscle pain, fatigue, and tender points 
A) Chronic inflammatory disease with stiffening and fusion of the spine and sacroiliac joints 
B) Chronic systemic inflammatory disease that affects many tissues and organs 
C) State of abnormal and excessive bone resorption and formation 
D) Wide-spread and deep chronic muscle pain, fatigue, and tender points

Question 9

Which patient finding would lead the health care professional to assess the patient for inflammatory joint disease?

Accepted Answer

A) Unilateral joint involvement 
B) Normal joint synovial fluid 
C) Absence of synovial membrane inflammation 
D) Systemic symptoms of inflammation 
A) Unilateral joint involvement 
B) Normal joint synovial fluid 
C) Absence of synovial membrane inflammation 
D) Systemic symptoms of inflammation

Question 10

Which clinical manifestations are characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Subcutaneous tissue crystals 
B) Anorexia 
C) Painful, stiffening of joints 
D) Edema of the wrists 
E) Fever 
A) Subcutaneous tissue crystals 
B) Anorexia 
C) Painful, stiffening of joints 
D) Edema of the wrists 
E) Fever

Question 11

A person in the health care clinic has gout. In order to prevent a common complication, what self-care measure does the health care professional teach the person about?

Accepted Answer

A) Drinking plenty of water 
B) Splinting affected joints 
C) Eating more protein 
D) Avoiding hot weather 
A) Drinking plenty of water 
B) Splinting affected joints 
C) Eating more protein 
D) Avoiding hot weather

Question 12

A student asks for an explanation of rhabdomyolysis. What response by the professor is best?

Accepted Answer

A) Paralysis of skeletal muscles, resulting from an impaired nerve supply 
B) Smooth muscle degeneration, resulting from ischemia 
C) Lysis of skeletal muscle cells through the initiation of the complement cascade 
D) Release of myoglobin from damaged striated muscle cells 
A) Paralysis of skeletal muscles, resulting from an impaired nerve supply 
B) Smooth muscle degeneration, resulting from ischemia 
C) Lysis of skeletal muscle cells through the initiation of the complement cascade 
D) Release of myoglobin from damaged striated muscle cells

Question 13

Which pathophysiologic alteration precedes crush syndrome after prolonged muscle compression?

Accepted Answer

A) Muscle ischemia 
B) Myoglobinuria 
C) Volkmann contracture 
D) Neural injury 
A) Muscle ischemia 
B) Myoglobinuria 
C) Volkmann contracture 
D) Neural injury

Question 14

A patient reports joint stiffness with movement and joint pain in weightbearing joints that is usually relieved by rest. What treatment option does the health care professional discuss with the patient?

Accepted Answer

A) Ways to decrease serum uric acid 
B) Administration of oral methotrexate 
C) Exercise and weight reduction 
D) Rapid intravenous hydration 
A) Ways to decrease serum uric acid 
B) Administration of oral methotrexate 
C) Exercise and weight reduction 
D) Rapid intravenous hydration

Question 15

A health care professional who works with older women understands that which changes are believed to play a significant role in the development of age-related bone loss?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased oxidative stress and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species 
B) Hypoparathyroidism 
C) Increased body weight 
D) Decreased formation and short life span of osteoclasts 
A) Increased oxidative stress and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species 
B) Hypoparathyroidism 
C) Increased body weight 
D) Decreased formation and short life span of osteoclasts

Question 16

Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of osteosarcoma?

Accepted Answer

A) Slow-growing tumor that begins in the bone marrow and infiltrates the trabeculae 
B) Solitary tumor that most often affects the metaphyseal region of the femur or tibia 
C) Aggressive tumor most often found in the bone marrow of long bones 
D) Tumor that infiltrates the trabeculae in spongy bone and implants in surrounding tissue by seeding 
A) Slow-growing tumor that begins in the bone marrow and infiltrates the trabeculae 
B) Solitary tumor that most often affects the metaphyseal region of the femur or tibia 
C) Aggressive tumor most often found in the bone marrow of long bones 
D) Tumor that infiltrates the trabeculae in spongy bone and implants in surrounding tissue by seeding

Question 17

A patient in the Emergency Department has either a tendon or ligament injury. What pain description from the patient would the health care professional associate with these injuries?

Accepted Answer

A) Dull and diffuse, persisting over the distribution of the tendon or ligament 
B) Sharp and localized, persisting over the distribution of the tendon or ligament 
C) Pins-and-needle sensations that occur distal to the injury with movement 
D) Intermittent and aching, occurring over the distribution of the tendon or ligament 
A) Dull and diffuse, persisting over the distribution of the tendon or ligament 
B) Sharp and localized, persisting over the distribution of the tendon or ligament 
C) Pins-and-needle sensations that occur distal to the injury with movement 
D) Intermittent and aching, occurring over the distribution of the tendon or ligament

Question 18

What is a primary defect in osteoarthritis?

Accepted Answer

A) Stromelysin and acid metalloproteinase breakdown articular cartilage. 
B) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) destroys the synovial membrane. 
C) Synovial membranes become inflamed. 
D) Cartilage-coated osteophytes create bone spurs. 
A) Stromelysin and acid metalloproteinase breakdown articular cartilage. 
B) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) destroys the synovial membrane. 
C) Synovial membranes become inflamed. 
D) Cartilage-coated osteophytes create bone spurs.

Question 19

What causes the crystallization within the synovial fluid of the joint affected by gouty arthritis?

Accepted Answer

A) Reduced excretion of purines 
B) Overproduction of uric acid 
C) Increase in the glycosaminoglycan levels 
D) Overproduction of proteoglycans 
A) Reduced excretion of purines 
B) Overproduction of uric acid 
C) Increase in the glycosaminoglycan levels 
D) Overproduction of proteoglycans

Question 20

Improper reduction or immobilization of a fractured femur can result in which outcome after cast removal?

Accepted Answer

A) The muscles around the fracture site are weak. 
B) The fracture requires 6 to 8 weeks of physical therapy. 
C) The skin under the cast is dry and flaky. 
D) The bone is not straight. 
A) The muscles around the fracture site are weak. 
B) The fracture requires 6 to 8 weeks of physical therapy. 
C) The skin under the cast is dry and flaky. 
D) The bone is not straight.

Exam 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

A patient has a bone density T score of -2.8. What diagnosis does the health care professional educate the patient on?

A patient in the clinic has calcium crystals that are associated with chronic gout. How does the professional document this finding?

A health care professional is teaching a group of college women about increasing calcium in the diet to prevent osteoporosis. A participant asks at what age is peak bone mass is reached in women. What response is best?

A patient has a temporary displacement of two bones causing the bone surfaces to partially lose contact with each other. What treatment does the health care professional prepare the patient for?

Which structure attaches skeletal muscle to bone?

Which structures are most often affected by Paget disease? (Select all that apply.)

Bone death as a result of osteomyelitis is due to what?

A patient has ankylosing spondylitis. Which description of this condition by the health care professional is most accurate?

Which patient finding would lead the health care professional to assess the patient for inflammatory joint disease?

Which clinical manifestations are characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis? (Select all that apply.)

A person in the health care clinic has gout. In order to prevent a common complication, what self-care measure does the health care professional teach the person about?

A student asks for an explanation of rhabdomyolysis. What response by the professor is best?

Which pathophysiologic alteration precedes crush syndrome after prolonged muscle compression?

A patient reports joint stiffness with movement and joint pain in weightbearing joints that is usually relieved by rest. What treatment option does the health care professional discuss with the patient?

A health care professional who works with older women understands that which changes are believed to play a significant role in the development of age-related bone loss?

Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of osteosarcoma?

A patient in the Emergency Department has either a tendon or ligament injury. What pain description from the patient would the health care professional associate with these injuries?

What is a primary defect in osteoarthritis?

What causes the crystallization within the synovial fluid of the joint affected by gouty arthritis?

Improper reduction or immobilization of a fractured femur can result in which outcome after cast removal?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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