Question 1

What are the clinical manifestations of bacterial pneumonia in children? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Fever with chills 
B) Productive cough 
C) Dyspnea 
D) Respiratory alkalosis 
E) Malaise 
A) Fever with chills 
B) Productive cough 
C) Dyspnea 
D) Respiratory alkalosis 
E) Malaise A, B, C, E

Question 2

Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation 
B) Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray imaging 
C) Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens 
D) Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency 
A) Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation 
B) Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray imaging 
C) Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens 
D) Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency C

Question 3

Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants?

Accepted Answer

A) Infants are obligatory nose breathers. 
B) Their nares are small in diameter. 
C) Infants become dehydrated when mouth breathing. 
D) Their epiglottis is proportionally greater than the epiglottis of an adult's. 
A) Infants are obligatory nose breathers. 
B) Their nares are small in diameter. 
C) Infants become dehydrated when mouth breathing. 
D) Their epiglottis is proportionally greater than the epiglottis of an adult's. A

Question 4

What information does the student learn about alveoli? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) The number of functioning alveoli is determined by birth. 
B) The alveoli begin to increase in size starting at 8 years of age. 
C) The complexity of the alveoli increases into adulthood. 
D) These structures produce surfactant. 
E) Capillaries are the origin of alveoli. 
A) The number of functioning alveoli is determined by birth. 
B) The alveoli begin to increase in size starting at 8 years of age. 
C) The complexity of the alveoli increases into adulthood. 
D) These structures produce surfactant. 
E) Capillaries are the origin of alveoli.

Question 5

Parents bring a 5-year-old to the Emergency Department and report sudden onset of high fever, drooling, and they describe a "hot potato voice." What action by the healthcare professional takes priority?

Accepted Answer

A) Immediate assessment for aspiration of a foreign body 
B) Allow the child to remain in the parent's lap. 
C) Send the child to radiology for x-rays of the throat and chest. 
D) Start the child and all family members on rifampin. 
A) Immediate assessment for aspiration of a foreign body 
B) Allow the child to remain in the parent's lap. 
C) Send the child to radiology for x-rays of the throat and chest. 
D) Start the child and all family members on rifampin.

Question 6

Which statement by the healthcare professional accurately describes childhood asthma?

Accepted Answer

A) An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation 
B) A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray imaging 
C) A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens 
D) An obstructive airway disease characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency 
A) An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation 
B) A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray imaging 
C) A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens 
D) An obstructive airway disease characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency

Question 7

A 7 year-old-child presents to the clinic where parents report signs and symptoms consistent with asthma. What does the healthcare professional do in order to confirm this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Assess for a parental history of asthma 
B) Draw serum levels of immunoglobulin E (Ig
E)  and eosinophil levels 
C) Measure expiratory flow rate with spirometry testing 
D) Give a trial of asthma medication and check for improvement 
A) Assess for a parental history of asthma 
B) Draw serum levels of immunoglobulin E (Ig
E)  and eosinophil levels 
C) Measure expiratory flow rate with spirometry testing 
D) Give a trial of asthma medication and check for improvement

Question 8

What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

Accepted Answer

A) Consolidation 
B) Pulmonary edema 
C) Atelectasis 
D) Bronchiolar plugging 
A) Consolidation 
B) Pulmonary edema 
C) Atelectasis 
D) Bronchiolar plugging

Question 9

Between which months of age does sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) most often occur?

Accepted Answer

A) 0 and 1 
B) 2 and 4 
C) 5 and 6 
D) 6 and 7 
A) 0 and 1 
B) 2 and 4 
C) 5 and 6 
D) 6 and 7

Question 10

A student asks the healthcare professional why researchers are trying to link specific genes to specific asthma phenotypes. What response by the professional is best?

Accepted Answer

A) Some types of asthma are easier to treat than others. 
B) Some people could use cheaper medications. 
C) It can lead to personalized approaches to treatment. 
D) More and more asthma phenotypes are being recognized. 
A) Some types of asthma are easier to treat than others. 
B) Some people could use cheaper medications. 
C) It can lead to personalized approaches to treatment. 
D) More and more asthma phenotypes are being recognized.

Question 11

Children diagnosed with acute asthma are likely to exhibit which symptoms? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Nasal flaring 
B) Musical expiratory wheezing 
C) Clubbing of fingers and toes 
D) Substernal retractions 
E) Diaphoresis 
A) Nasal flaring 
B) Musical expiratory wheezing 
C) Clubbing of fingers and toes 
D) Substernal retractions 
E) Diaphoresis

Question 12

Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood allergic asthma?

Accepted Answer

A) Cluster of differentiation (C
D)  4 T-helper Th1 lymphocytes 
B) CD4 T-helper Th2 lymphocytes 
C) CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes 
D) Memory T lymphocytes 
A) Cluster of differentiation (C
D)  4 T-helper Th1 lymphocytes 
B) CD4 T-helper Th2 lymphocytes 
C) CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes 
D) Memory T lymphocytes

Question 13

What abnormalities lead to the mucus plugging seen in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Accepted Answer

A) Excess mucus plugs the gut and keeps it from absorbing water effectively. 
B) A weak inflammatory response allows bacterial to colonize the mucus. 
C) Defective chloride secretion and excess sodium absorption thicken the mucus. 
D) Pulmonary vascular remodeling occurs that leads to chronic hypoxia. 
A) Excess mucus plugs the gut and keeps it from absorbing water effectively. 
B) A weak inflammatory response allows bacterial to colonize the mucus. 
C) Defective chloride secretion and excess sodium absorption thicken the mucus. 
D) Pulmonary vascular remodeling occurs that leads to chronic hypoxia.

Question 14

The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants when they are born between how many weeks of gestation?

Accepted Answer

A) 16 and 20 
B) 20 and 24 
C) 24 and 30 
D) 30 and 36 
A) 16 and 20 
B) 20 and 24 
C) 24 and 30 
D) 30 and 36

Question 15

Which symptoms are least likely to be assessed in a child with croup? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Congestion 
B) Sore throat 
C) Low-grade fever 
D) Barking cough 
E) Coarse rhonchi 
A) Congestion 
B) Sore throat 
C) Low-grade fever 
D) Barking cough 
E) Coarse rhonchi

Question 16

Parents of a child with cystic fibrosis want to know the chance of their next baby having this disease. What response by the healthcare professional is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Each child will have a 25% chance of having the disease. 
B) None of your male children will inherit this disease. 
C) All of your children will probably be carriers. 
D) There is no way to know because it is a random mutation. 
A) Each child will have a 25% chance of having the disease. 
B) None of your male children will inherit this disease. 
C) All of your children will probably be carriers. 
D) There is no way to know because it is a random mutation.

Question 17

A health professions student learns which facts about the pediatric differences in the respiratory system? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) An adult's chest wall compliance is lower than an infant's. 
B) Increased resiliency makes infants more tolerant to respiratory problems. 
C) Infants are obligatory nose breathers. 
D) A baby is born with all the alveoli he or she will ever have. 
E) Airway obstruction occurs sooner in infants than in older children. 
A) An adult's chest wall compliance is lower than an infant's. 
B) Increased resiliency makes infants more tolerant to respiratory problems. 
C) Infants are obligatory nose breathers. 
D) A baby is born with all the alveoli he or she will ever have. 
E) Airway obstruction occurs sooner in infants than in older children.

Question 18

Which statement by the professor best describes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Accepted Answer

A) An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation 
B) A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and the presence of bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray imaging 
C) A respiratory disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens 
D) A pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency 
A) An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation 
B) A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and the presence of bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray imaging 
C) A respiratory disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens 
D) A pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency

Question 19

What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

Accepted Answer

A) Immature immune system 
B) Small alveoli 
C) Surfactant deficiency 
D) Anemia 
A) Immature immune system 
B) Small alveoli 
C) Surfactant deficiency 
D) Anemia

Question 20

Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by what type of infection?

Accepted Answer

A) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 
B) Influenza virus 
C) Adenoviruses 
D) Rhinovirus 
A) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 
B) Influenza virus 
C) Adenoviruses 
D) Rhinovirus

Exam 37: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

What are the clinical manifestations of bacterial pneumonia in children? (Select all that apply.)

Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?

Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants?

What information does the student learn about alveoli? (Select all that apply.)

Parents bring a 5-year-old to the Emergency Department and report sudden onset of high fever, drooling, and they describe a "hot potato voice." What action by the healthcare professional takes priority?

Which statement by the healthcare professional accurately describes childhood asthma?

A 7 year-old-child presents to the clinic where parents report signs and symptoms consistent with asthma. What does the healthcare professional do in order to confirm this diagnosis?

What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

Between which months of age does sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) most often occur?

A student asks the healthcare professional why researchers are trying to link specific genes to specific asthma phenotypes. What response by the professional is best?

Children diagnosed with acute asthma are likely to exhibit which symptoms? (Select all that apply.)

Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood allergic asthma?

What abnormalities lead to the mucus plugging seen in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)?

The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants when they are born between how many weeks of gestation?

Which symptoms are least likely to be assessed in a child with croup? (Select all that apply.)

Parents of a child with cystic fibrosis want to know the chance of their next baby having this disease. What response by the healthcare professional is most accurate?

A health professions student learns which facts about the pediatric differences in the respiratory system? (Select all that apply.)

Which statement by the professor best describes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by what type of infection?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

Filters