Question 1

Which statement best describes thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)?

Accepted Answer

A) Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands 
B) Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, of the toes 
C) Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities 
D) Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities 
A) Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands 
B) Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, of the toes 
C) Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities 
D) Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities

Question 2

Which elevated value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) 
B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) 
C) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs 
D) Triglycerides 
A) Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) 
B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) 
C) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs 
D) Triglycerides

Question 3

Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation?

Accepted Answer

A) Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present. 
B) Hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery are present. 
C) Excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery are present. 
D) Evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery is present. 
A) Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present. 
B) Hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery are present. 
C) Excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery are present. 
D) Evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery is present.

Question 4

A patient in the Emergency department is suspected of having a myocardial infarction (MI). The initial cardiac troponin 1 level was negative. What action by the healthcare professional is best?

Accepted Answer

A) Prepare the patient for thrombolytic therapy. 
B) Dismiss the patient because the lab was negative. 
C) Schedule repeat lab within a few hours. 
D) Give the patient oxygen and pain medication. 
A) Prepare the patient for thrombolytic therapy. 
B) Dismiss the patient because the lab was negative. 
C) Schedule repeat lab within a few hours. 
D) Give the patient oxygen and pain medication.

Question 5

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for how many minutes?

Accepted Answer

A) 10 
B) 15 
C) 20 
D) 25 
A) 10 
B) 15 
C) 20 
D) 25

Question 6

Which information regarding fatty streaks does the pathophysiology student learn? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Fatty streaks progressively damage vessel walls. 
B) Fatty streaks are capable of producing toxic oxygen radials. 
C) When present, inflammatory changes occur to the vessel walls. 
D) Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are involved in their formation. 
E) Fatty streaks are formed by killer T cells filled with oxidized LDLs. 
A) Fatty streaks progressively damage vessel walls. 
B) Fatty streaks are capable of producing toxic oxygen radials. 
C) When present, inflammatory changes occur to the vessel walls. 
D) Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are involved in their formation. 
E) Fatty streaks are formed by killer T cells filled with oxidized LDLs.

Question 7

A healthcare professions student learns which facts about mitral valve stenosis? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) It is an uncommon valvular disorder. 
B) It mostly affects women. 
C) May result from genetic factors 
D) Most cases are asymptomatic. 
E) Symptoms tend to be vague. 
A) It is an uncommon valvular disorder. 
B) It mostly affects women. 
C) May result from genetic factors 
D) Most cases are asymptomatic. 
E) Symptoms tend to be vague.

Question 8

What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Release of the inflammatory cytokines 
B) Macrophages adhere to vessel walls. 
C) Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls 
D) Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor 
A) Release of the inflammatory cytokines 
B) Macrophages adhere to vessel walls. 
C) Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls 
D) Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor

Question 9

A patient is diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and has elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which complication would the health care professional assess the patient for?

Accepted Answer

A) Right heart failure 
B) Left heart failure 
C) Restrictive cardiomyopathy 
D) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
A) Right heart failure 
B) Left heart failure 
C) Restrictive cardiomyopathy 
D) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 10

A person wishes to reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease. This person has a normal lipid panel. What risk factor reduction would the healthcare professional advise for this person?

Accepted Answer

A) Eating a low-fat diet 
B) Controlling the blood pressure 
C) Avoiding air pollution 
D) Moderate alcohol use 
A) Eating a low-fat diet 
B) Controlling the blood pressure 
C) Avoiding air pollution 
D) Moderate alcohol use

Question 11

What is the trigger for angina pectoris?

Accepted Answer

A) Atherosclerotic lesions 
B) Hyperlipidemia 
C) Myocardial necrosis 
D) Myocardial ischemia 
A) Atherosclerotic lesions 
B) Hyperlipidemia 
C) Myocardial necrosis 
D) Myocardial ischemia

Question 12

What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm?

Accepted Answer

A) Atherosclerosis causes ischemia of the intima. 
B) It increases nitric oxide. 
C) Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall. 
D) It obstructs the vessel. 
A) Atherosclerosis causes ischemia of the intima. 
B) It increases nitric oxide. 
C) Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall. 
D) It obstructs the vessel.

Question 13

A patient has infective endocarditis. Which risk factors should the healthcare professional assess this patient for? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Rheumatic fever 
B) Intravenous drug use 
C) Prosthetic heart valve 
D) Aortic regurgitation 
E) Heart valve disease 
A) Rheumatic fever 
B) Intravenous drug use 
C) Prosthetic heart valve 
D) Aortic regurgitation 
E) Heart valve disease

Question 14

A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with breathing and when lying down. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A) Prepare to assist with an immediate pericardiocentesis. 
B) Inform the patient about the side effects of diuretics. 
C) Facilitate the patient getting an immediate ECG. 
D) Teach the patient about a course of antiinflammatory medications. 
A) Prepare to assist with an immediate pericardiocentesis. 
B) Inform the patient about the side effects of diuretics. 
C) Facilitate the patient getting an immediate ECG. 
D) Teach the patient about a course of antiinflammatory medications.

Question 15

A patient has been diagnosed with Raynaud disease and asks for an explanation. What statement by the healthcare professional is best?

Accepted Answer

A) Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands 
B) Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities 
C) Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, of the toes 
D) Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities 
A) Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands 
B) Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities 
C) Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, of the toes 
D) Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities

Question 16

A healthcare provider is assessing a patient who has a pericardial effusion and notes a pulsus paradoxus. A student asks for an explanation of how this occurs. What description by the professional is best?

Accepted Answer

A) Diastolic filling pressures of the right ventricle and reduction of blood volume in both ventricles 
B) Blood ejected from the right atrium and reduction of blood volume in the right ventricle 
C) Blood ejected from the left atrium and reduction of blood volume in the left ventricle 
D) Diastolic filling pressures of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers 
A) Diastolic filling pressures of the right ventricle and reduction of blood volume in both ventricles 
B) Blood ejected from the right atrium and reduction of blood volume in the right ventricle 
C) Blood ejected from the left atrium and reduction of blood volume in the left ventricle 
D) Diastolic filling pressures of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers

Question 17

What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis?

Accepted Answer

A) Virus 
B) Fungus 
C) Bacterium 
D) Rickettsiae 
A) Virus 
B) Fungus 
C) Bacterium 
D) Rickettsiae

Question 18

What cardiac pathologic condition contributes to ventricular remodeling?

Accepted Answer

A) Left ventricular hypertrophy 
B) Right ventricular failure 
C) Myocardial ischemia 
D) Contractile dysfunction 
A) Left ventricular hypertrophy 
B) Right ventricular failure 
C) Myocardial ischemia 
D) Contractile dysfunction

Question 19

Which statement is true concerning the cells' ability to synthesize cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

A) Cell production of cholesterol is affected by the aging process. 
B) Cells produce cholesterol only when dietary fat intake is low. 
C) Most body cells are capable of producing cholesterol. 
D) Most cholesterol produced by the cells is converted to the low-density form. 
A) Cell production of cholesterol is affected by the aging process. 
B) Cells produce cholesterol only when dietary fat intake is low. 
C) Most body cells are capable of producing cholesterol. 
D) Most cholesterol produced by the cells is converted to the low-density form.

Question 20

Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased norepinephrine 
B) Adducin 
C) Angiotensin II 
D) Insulin resistance 
A) Increased norepinephrine 
B) Adducin 
C) Angiotensin II 
D) Insulin resistance

Exam 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Which statement best describes thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)?

Which elevated value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?

Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation?

A patient in the Emergency department is suspected of having a myocardial infarction (MI). The initial cardiac troponin 1 level was negative. What action by the healthcare professional is best?

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for how many minutes?

Which information regarding fatty streaks does the pathophysiology student learn? (Select all that apply.)

A healthcare professions student learns which facts about mitral valve stenosis? (Select all that apply.)

What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?

A patient is diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and has elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which complication would the health care professional assess the patient for?

A person wishes to reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease. This person has a normal lipid panel. What risk factor reduction would the healthcare professional advise for this person?

What is the trigger for angina pectoris?

What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm?

A patient has infective endocarditis. Which risk factors should the healthcare professional assess this patient for? (Select all that apply.)

A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with breathing and when lying down. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

A patient has been diagnosed with Raynaud disease and asks for an explanation. What statement by the healthcare professional is best?

A healthcare provider is assessing a patient who has a pericardial effusion and notes a pulsus paradoxus. A student asks for an explanation of how this occurs. What description by the professional is best?

What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis?

What cardiac pathologic condition contributes to ventricular remodeling?

Which statement is true concerning the cells' ability to synthesize cholesterol?

Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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