Question 1

Most aphasias are associated with cerebrovascular accidents involving which artery?

Accepted Answer

A) Anterior communicating 
B) Posterior communicating 
C) Circle of Willis 
D) Middle cerebral 
A) Anterior communicating 
B) Posterior communicating 
C) Circle of Willis 
D) Middle cerebral

Question 2

A patient has damage to the lower pons and medulla. What finding does the healthcare professional associate with this injury?

Accepted Answer

A) Flexion with or without extensor response of the lower extremities 
B) Extension response of the upper and lower extremities 
C) Extension response of the upper extremities and flexion response of the lower extremities 
D) Flaccid response in the upper and lower extremities 
A) Flexion with or without extensor response of the lower extremities 
B) Extension response of the upper and lower extremities 
C) Extension response of the upper extremities and flexion response of the lower extremities 
D) Flaccid response in the upper and lower extremities

Question 3

Dementia is commonly characterized by the deterioration in which abilities? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Sociability 
B) Balance 
C) Memory 
D) Speech 
E) Decision making 
A) Sociability 
B) Balance 
C) Memory 
D) Speech 
E) Decision making

Question 4

What type of posturing exists when a person with a severe closed head injury has all four extremities in rigid extension with the forearms in hyperpronation and the legs in plantar extension?

Accepted Answer

A) Decorticate 
B) Decerebrate 
C) Spastic 
D) Cerebellar 
A) Decorticate 
B) Decerebrate 
C) Spastic 
D) Cerebellar

Question 5

What do the clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease include? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Fragmented sleep 
B) Drooping eyelids 
C) Depression 
D) Muscle stiffness 
E) Bradykinesia 
A) Fragmented sleep 
B) Drooping eyelids 
C) Depression 
D) Muscle stiffness 
E) Bradykinesia

Question 6

Antipsychotic drugs cause tardive dyskinesia by mimicking the effects of an increase of what?

Accepted Answer

A) Dopamine 
B) Gamma-aminobutyric acid 
C) Norepinephrine 
D) Acetylcholine 
A) Dopamine 
B) Gamma-aminobutyric acid 
C) Norepinephrine 
D) Acetylcholine

Question 7

The existence of regular, deep, and rapid respirations after a severe closed head injury is indicative of neurologic injury to what?

Accepted Answer

A) Lower midbrain 
B) Pontine area 
C) Supratentorial 
D) Cerebral area 
A) Lower midbrain 
B) Pontine area 
C) Supratentorial 
D) Cerebral area

Question 8

Cognitive operations cannot occur without the effective functioning of what part of the brain?

Accepted Answer

A) Pons 
B) Medulla oblongata 
C) Reticular activating system 
D) Cingulate gyrus 
A) Pons 
B) Medulla oblongata 
C) Reticular activating system 
D) Cingulate gyrus

Question 9

When does uncal herniation occur?

Accepted Answer

A) The hippocampal gyrus shifts from the middle fossa through the tentorial notch into the posterior fossa. 
B) The diencephalon shifts from the middle fossa straight downward through the tentorial notch into the posterior fossa. 
C) The cingulate gyrus shifts under the falx cerebri. 
D) A cerebellar tonsil shifts through the foramen magnum. 
A) The hippocampal gyrus shifts from the middle fossa through the tentorial notch into the posterior fossa. 
B) The diencephalon shifts from the middle fossa straight downward through the tentorial notch into the posterior fossa. 
C) The cingulate gyrus shifts under the falx cerebri. 
D) A cerebellar tonsil shifts through the foramen magnum.

Question 10

Which intracerebral disease process is capable of producing diffuse dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

A) Closed-head trauma with bleeding 
B) Subdural pus collections 
C) Neoplasm 
D) Embolic infarct 
A) Closed-head trauma with bleeding 
B) Subdural pus collections 
C) Neoplasm 
D) Embolic infarct

Question 11

What stimulus causes posthyperventilation apnea (PHVA)?

Accepted Answer

A) Changes in PaO₂ levels 
B) Changes in PaCO₂ levels 
C) Damage to the forebrain 
D) Any arrhythmic breathing pattern 
A) Changes in PaO₂ levels 
B) Changes in PaCO₂ levels 
C) Damage to the forebrain 
D) Any arrhythmic breathing pattern

Question 12

Which hospitalized patient does the healthcare professional assess as a priority for the development of delirium?

Accepted Answer

A) An individual with diabetes celebrating a 70th birthday 
B) A depressed Hispanic woman 
C) An elderly male on the second day after hip replacement 
D) A man diagnosed with schizophrenia 
A) An individual with diabetes celebrating a 70th birthday 
B) A depressed Hispanic woman 
C) An elderly male on the second day after hip replacement 
D) A man diagnosed with schizophrenia

Question 13

What is the most common infratentorial brain disease process that results in the direct destruction of the reticulating activation system (RAS)?

Accepted Answer

A) Cerebrovascular disease 
B) Demyelinating disease 
C) Neoplasms 
D) Abscesses 
A) Cerebrovascular disease 
B) Demyelinating disease 
C) Neoplasms 
D) Abscesses

Question 14

A healthcare professional is caring for a patient diagnosed with aphasia. What action by the professional would be best in working with this patient?

Accepted Answer

A) Provide physical therapy. 
B) Provide speech therapy. 
C) Provide special thickened foods. 
D) Provide balance activities. 
A) Provide physical therapy. 
B) Provide speech therapy. 
C) Provide special thickened foods. 
D) Provide balance activities.

Question 15

A patient's chart notes receptive aphasia. What does the healthcare professional understand about this patient's abilities related to speech?

Accepted Answer

A) Speak in made up words. 
B) Produce verbal speech, but not comprehend language. 
C) Comprehend speech, but not verbally respond. 
D) Neither respond verbally nor comprehend speech. 
A) Speak in made up words. 
B) Produce verbal speech, but not comprehend language. 
C) Comprehend speech, but not verbally respond. 
D) Neither respond verbally nor comprehend speech.

Question 16

Parkinson disease is a degenerative disorder of which part of the brain?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypothalamus 
B) Anterior pituitary 
C) Frontal lobe 
D) Basal ganglia 
A) Hypothalamus 
B) Anterior pituitary 
C) Frontal lobe 
D) Basal ganglia

Question 17

What is the most critical aspect in correctly diagnosing a seizure disorder and establishing its cause?

Accepted Answer

A) Computed tomographic (CT) scan 
B) Cerebrospinal fluid analysis 
C) Skull x-ray studies 
D) Health history 
A) Computed tomographic (CT) scan 
B) Cerebrospinal fluid analysis 
C) Skull x-ray studies 
D) Health history

Question 18

Cerebral edema is an increase in the fluid content of what part of the brain?

Accepted Answer

A) Ventricles 
B) Tissue 
C) Neurons 
D) Meninges 
A) Ventricles 
B) Tissue 
C) Neurons 
D) Meninges

Question 19

What is a communicating hydrocephalus caused by an impairment of?

Accepted Answer

A) Cerebrospinal fluid flow between the ventricles 
B) Cerebrospinal fluid flow into the subarachnoid space 
C) Blood flow to the arachnoid villi 
D) Absorption of cerebrospinal fluid 
A) Cerebrospinal fluid flow between the ventricles 
B) Cerebrospinal fluid flow into the subarachnoid space 
C) Blood flow to the arachnoid villi 
D) Absorption of cerebrospinal fluid

Question 20

A patient is in the intensive care unit and has intercranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. The patient's ICP is 17 mmHg. The healthcare professional notes that the chart indicates the patient is now in stage 1 intracranial hypertension. What assessment finding does the professional associate with this condition?

Accepted Answer

A) Rapid spike in measured ICP 
B) No significant change in ICP readings 
C) Restlessness and subtle breathing and pupil changes 
D) A widened pulse pressure and bradycardia 
A) Rapid spike in measured ICP 
B) No significant change in ICP readings 
C) Restlessness and subtle breathing and pupil changes 
D) A widened pulse pressure and bradycardia

Exam 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Most aphasias are associated with cerebrovascular accidents involving which artery?

A patient has damage to the lower pons and medulla. What finding does the healthcare professional associate with this injury?

Dementia is commonly characterized by the deterioration in which abilities? (Select all that apply.)

What type of posturing exists when a person with a severe closed head injury has all four extremities in rigid extension with the forearms in hyperpronation and the legs in plantar extension?

What do the clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease include? (Select all that apply.)

Antipsychotic drugs cause tardive dyskinesia by mimicking the effects of an increase of what?

The existence of regular, deep, and rapid respirations after a severe closed head injury is indicative of neurologic injury to what?

Cognitive operations cannot occur without the effective functioning of what part of the brain?

When does uncal herniation occur?

Which intracerebral disease process is capable of producing diffuse dysfunction?

What stimulus causes posthyperventilation apnea (PHVA)?

Which hospitalized patient does the healthcare professional assess as a priority for the development of delirium?

What is the most common infratentorial brain disease process that results in the direct destruction of the reticulating activation system (RAS)?

A healthcare professional is caring for a patient diagnosed with aphasia. What action by the professional would be best in working with this patient?

A patient's chart notes receptive aphasia. What does the healthcare professional understand about this patient's abilities related to speech?

Parkinson disease is a degenerative disorder of which part of the brain?

What is the most critical aspect in correctly diagnosing a seizure disorder and establishing its cause?

Cerebral edema is an increase in the fluid content of what part of the brain?

What is a communicating hydrocephalus caused by an impairment of?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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