Question 1

The adaptation mutation hypothesis predicts that

Accepted Answer

A) mutations occur at random in organisms. 
B) separate bacterial cultures may contain different frequencies of a particular gene mutation. 
C) environmental change cannot trigger mutations in a specific gene. 
D) different bacterial cultures exposed to the same stress will have similar frequencies of a particular mutation. 
E) bacterial cultures exposed to multiple types of environmental stress will consistently resist mutation. 
A) mutations occur at random in organisms. 
B) separate bacterial cultures may contain different frequencies of a particular gene mutation. 
C) environmental change cannot trigger mutations in a specific gene. 
D) different bacterial cultures exposed to the same stress will have similar frequencies of a particular mutation. 
E) bacterial cultures exposed to multiple types of environmental stress will consistently resist mutation.

Question 2

Which mechanism can be used to repair UV damage in Drosophila but not in humans?

Accepted Answer

photoreact

Question 3

DNA glycosylase inhibitors are used to study which DNA repair mechanism?

Accepted Answer

nucleotide

Question 4

Which type of double-stranded break repair would you expect to be used by a cell in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

synthesis-

Question 5

Which bases would you mutate to create a nonsense transition mutation?
5′-ATG GGA TGG CAC CTG-3′

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which bases would you mutate to create...

Question 6

Given the DNA sequence 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAG CGG-3′,which of these sequences represents a missense mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) 5′-TAG AAA ATA CAG CGG-3′ 
B) 5′-TAC AAA TAC AGC GGG-3′ 
C) 5′-TAC AAG ATA CAG CGG-3′ 
D) 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAC CGG-3′ 
E) 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAG AGG-3′ 
A) 5′-TAG AAA ATA CAG CGG-3′ 
B) 5′-TAC AAA TAC AGC GGG-3′ 
C) 5′-TAC AAG ATA CAG CGG-3′ 
D) 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAC CGG-3′ 
E) 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAG AGG-3′

Question 7

What phenotype would you expect to see in a strain of E.coli with a mutation in the phr gene?

Accepted Answer

A) decrease in UV-induced mutations 
B) increase in UV-induced mutations 
C) decrease in reversion of base-pair substitution mutations 
D) increase in the methylation of nucleotide bases 
E) decrease in the methylation of nucleotide bases 
A) decrease in UV-induced mutations 
B) increase in UV-induced mutations 
C) decrease in reversion of base-pair substitution mutations 
D) increase in the methylation of nucleotide bases 
E) decrease in the methylation of nucleotide bases

Question 8

Which process is carried out by specialized bypass DNA that can replicate across the gaps induced during replication by UV damage?

Accepted Answer

translesio

Question 9

What type of mutation is seen here? 
Wild type: 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAG CGG-3′
Mutation: 5′-TAC AAG ATA CAG CGG-3′

Accepted Answer

A) transition 
B) transversion 
C) insertion 
D) deletion 
E) nonsense 
A) transition 
B) transversion 
C) insertion 
D) deletion 
E) nonsense

Question 10

Explain what is meant by deamination.How does this mutation affect a cytosine (C)versus a methylcytosine (5meC)? What effect does deamination have on CpG islands,and how does that affect the mutation frequencies in these regions?

Accepted Answer

Deamination is the loss of an amino (NH₂

Question 11

Double-strand breaks cause genomic instability and are thus potentially lethal to cells.They also greatly increase the risk of cancer and the chance of chromosome structural mutations.Compare and contrast the two mechanisms of double-strand break repair.Why would one mechanism be used over another?

Accepted Answer

Two mechanisms have evolved to carry out

Question 12

What type of mutation commonly affects CpG islands,altering promoter regions of mammalian genes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of mutation commonly affects CpG...

Question 13

Homologous recombination is initiated by

Accepted Answer

A) Rad51 generating double-stranded DNA breaks. 
B) RecA,RecB,and RecC generating single-stranded DNA breaks. 
C) Spo11 generating double-stranded DNA breaks. 
D) p53 generating single-stranded DNA breaks. 
E) ATM signaling double-stranded DNA breaks. 
A) Rad51 generating double-stranded DNA breaks. 
B) RecA,RecB,and RecC generating single-stranded DNA breaks. 
C) Spo11 generating double-stranded DNA breaks. 
D) p53 generating single-stranded DNA breaks. 
E) ATM signaling double-stranded DNA breaks.

Question 14

Which types of mutation are possible thanks to the redundant nature of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

A) silent 
B) missense 
C) nonsense 
D) frameshift 
E) splice site 
A) silent 
B) missense 
C) nonsense 
D) frameshift 
E) splice site

Question 15

An intercalating agent such as aflatoxin is more likely to cause which type of mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) transition 
B) transversion 
C) frameshift 
D) depurination 
E) deamination 
A) transition 
B) transversion 
C) frameshift 
D) depurination 
E) deamination

Question 16

Given the DNA sequence 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAG CGG-3′,which of these sequences represents a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) 5′-TAG AAA ATA CAG CGG-3′ 
B) 5′-TAC AAA TAC AGC GGG-3′ 
C) 5′-TAC AAG ATA CAG CGG-3′ 
D) 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAC CGG-3′ 
E) 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAG AGG-3′ 
A) 5′-TAG AAA ATA CAG CGG-3′ 
B) 5′-TAC AAA TAC AGC GGG-3′ 
C) 5′-TAC AAG ATA CAG CGG-3′ 
D) 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAC CGG-3′ 
E) 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAG AGG-3′

Question 17

A strain of E.coli is unable to use the UV repair pathway because of an apparent absence of DNA helicase activity.Which UV repair gene is likely mutated in this strain?

Accepted Answer

A) uvr-A 
B) uvr-B 
C) uvr-C 
D) uvr-D 
E) pol I 
A) uvr-A 
B) uvr-B 
C) uvr-C 
D) uvr-D 
E) pol I

Question 18

Mutations can also occur within the regulatory regions of genes.Fragile X is an example of a disorder caused by one such mutation by increasing the length of the long arm of the X chromosome and ultimately decreasing mRNA stability.Which type of regulatory mutation causes Fragile X?

Accepted Answer

A) promoter 
B) polyadenylation 
C) splice site 
D) triplet-repeat expansion 
E) frameshift 
A) promoter 
B) polyadenylation 
C) splice site 
D) triplet-repeat expansion 
E) frameshift

Question 19

The alkylating agent nitrosoguanidine adds methyl groups to nucleotide bases and is repaired by which enzyme that removes the added methyl group and restores nucleotides to their normal form?

Accepted Answer

O⁶-methylg

Question 20

The compound 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)is a derivative of uracil,and if BrdU becomes incorporated during DNA replication,it pairs with adenine.This compound is best classified as which type of mutagen?

Accepted Answer

A) base analog 
B) deaminating agent 
C) oxidative agent 
D) alkylating agent 
E) intercalating agent 
A) base analog 
B) deaminating agent 
C) oxidative agent 
D) alkylating agent 
E) intercalating agent

Exam 12: Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Homologous Recombination

The adaptation mutation hypothesis predicts that

Which mechanism can be used to repair UV damage in Drosophila but not in humans?

DNA glycosylase inhibitors are used to study which DNA repair mechanism?

Which type of double-stranded break repair would you expect to be used by a cell in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle?

Which bases would you mutate to create a nonsense transition mutation? 5′-ATG GGA TGG CAC CTG-3′

Given the DNA sequence 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAG CGG-3′,which of these sequences represents a missense mutation?

What phenotype would you expect to see in a strain of E.coli with a mutation in the phr gene?

Which process is carried out by specialized bypass DNA that can replicate across the gaps induced during replication by UV damage?

What type of mutation is seen here? Wild type: 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAG CGG-3′ Mutation: 5′-TAC AAG ATA CAG CGG-3′

Explain what is meant by deamination.How does this mutation affect a cytosine (C)versus a methylcytosine (5meC)? What effect does deamination have on CpG islands,and how does that affect the mutation frequencies in these regions?

Double-strand breaks cause genomic instability and are thus potentially lethal to cells.They also greatly increase the risk of cancer and the chance of chromosome structural mutations.Compare and contrast the two mechanisms of double-strand break repair.Why would one mechanism be used over another?

What type of mutation commonly affects CpG islands,altering promoter regions of mammalian genes?

Homologous recombination is initiated by

Which types of mutation are possible thanks to the redundant nature of the genetic code?

An intercalating agent such as aflatoxin is more likely to cause which type of mutation?

Given the DNA sequence 5′-TAC AAA ATA CAG CGG-3′,which of these sequences represents a frameshift mutation?

A strain of E.coli is unable to use the UV repair pathway because of an apparent absence of DNA helicase activity.Which UV repair gene is likely mutated in this strain?

Mutations can also occur within the regulatory regions of genes.Fragile X is an example of a disorder caused by one such mutation by increasing the length of the long arm of the X chromosome and ultimately decreasing mRNA stability.Which type of regulatory mutation causes Fragile X?

The alkylating agent nitrosoguanidine adds methyl groups to nucleotide bases and is repaired by which enzyme that removes the added methyl group and restores nucleotides to their normal form?

The compound 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)is a derivative of uracil,and if BrdU becomes incorporated during DNA replication,it pairs with adenine.This compound is best classified as which type of mutagen?

The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution

Transmission Genetics

Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity

Gene Interaction

Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophage

DNA Structure and Replication

Molecular Biology and Transcription and Rna Processing

The Molecular Biology of Translation

The Integration of Genetic Approaches: Understanding Sickle Cell Disease

Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Aberrations and Transposition

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophage

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Forward Genetics and Recombinant DNA Technology

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology and Reverse Genetics

Genomics: Genetics From a Whole-Genome Perspective

Cytoplasmic Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes

Developmental Genetics

Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits

Population Genetics and Evolution

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