Exam 22: Gas Exchange

If the hemoglobin molecules in your red blood cells suddenly were unable to bind carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, what would happen to your blood pH?

The body structure where gas exchange occurs is called the

What prompts a newborn baby to start to breathe?

The reason animals need a continuous supply of oxygen is to

At which point(s)in the figure is blood oxygen-rich?

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. Physicians routinely give their patients pulmonary function tests in order to measure characteristics of lung function. The most common of these tests, spirometry, measures both the volume and the speed of air entering and exiting the lungs. In this test, a person first breathes normally while breathing into a spirometer, a machine that measures air volume and air speed. Then the person takes the deepest breath possible and exhales as hard as possible for 6 seconds into the spirometer. The resulting data are plotted on a graph of volume (y axis) versus time (x axis). Spirometry is useful not only for assessing lung function in healthy patients but also for characterizing patients with lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, or emphysema. A sample graph for a healthy adult male is shown below. Normal breathing occurs between points A and B, a maximal inhalation occurs at point C, and a maximal exhalation occurs at point D. Normal breathing resumes between points E and F. -Patients with emphysema have lungs that are less elastic than normal. As a result, they cannot exhale as much air as a healthy person can, thereby leaving additional residual volume in the lungs. How would the preceding graph differ if an emphysema patient's data were plotted instead of a healthy person's?

Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must

In the countercurrent exchange system of fish gills,

Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke cause cancer due to the

Which of the figures below represents countercurrent exchange? The arrows indicate direction of flow, and the numbers indicate temperatures in degrees Celsius.

Some crocodiles and turtles have an exceptional ability to divert blood flow through the heart when they are diving and no longer breathing and exchanging gases. Which of the following most likely occurs when these animals dive?

The tracheal system of an insect is most like which of the following?

When you are breathing normally, exhalation results mainly from

Which part of the diagram shows alveoli?

When you exhale, you

When bar-headed geese fly at very high altitudes (possibly over Mount Everest!), they breathe very thin air where the partial pressure of oxygen is very low compared to that at sea level. They are able to do this because they have a modified version of the hemoglobin protein. Which of the following is their hemoglobin protein most likely similar to in terms of its ability to bind oxygen?

Cigarette smoke can affect the white blood cells that reside in our lungs, whose function is to

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again?

Which respiratory structure likely has the largest surface area for gas exchange to occur?

Evolutionary adaptations for survival on land produced tetrapods, which later evolved into