Exam 22: Gas Exchange

Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that is characterized by damage and scarring of lung tissue. This results in the lungs becoming stiff and inelastic. What function is most likely to be impaired in someone with pulmonary fibrosis?

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. Physicians routinely give their patients pulmonary function tests in order to measure characteristics of lung function. The most common of these tests, spirometry, measures both the volume and the speed of air entering and exiting the lungs. In this test, a person first breathes normally while breathing into a spirometer, a machine that measures air volume and air speed. Then the person takes the deepest breath possible and exhales as hard as possible for 6 seconds into the spirometer. The resulting data are plotted on a graph of volume (y axis) versus time (x axis). Spirometry is useful not only for assessing lung function in healthy patients but also for characterizing patients with lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, or emphysema. A sample graph for a healthy adult male is shown below. Normal breathing occurs between points A and B, a maximal inhalation occurs at point C, and a maximal exhalation occurs at point D. Normal breathing resumes between points E and F. -For this data set, what is the vital capacity?

The maximum amount of air that a human can inhale and exhale is called the

Which of the following statements regarding breathing and circulation in insects is false?

Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. Many amphibians (including many frogs, toads, and salamanders) spend the early part of their lives in water but live on land as adults. The adults of many species return to water to breed and lay their eggs. Frogs have small lungs and supplement their oxygen intake by breathing through the skin. Although large frogs have more total surface area than smaller frogs, the larger frogs have a lower surface area/volume ratio (less skin surface relative to their total body volume). To keep their respiratory surfaces moist, frogs are generally found in wet or very moist locations. In an experiment designed to investigate oxygen consumption in relation to body size, frogs from five different species were weighed and placed in a respirometer (a machine that measures oxygen consumption) for 1 hour. The table shows the results of the experiment. -If you could alter the shape of a frog so that it was long and thin instead of compact, the frog's oxygen transfer efficiency would

What part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center?

Most CO₂ is transported to the lungs in which of the following ways?

Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it leaves the body?

Gills are unsuitable for animals living on land because

The organization of blood and water flow in a fish's gills increases the fish's ability to

Compared to the vital capacity, how much air can lungs actually hold?

When you hyperventilate (breathe too fast), respiratory alkalosis (elevated blood pH)can occur, which can cause you to faint. A common but potentially dangerous method to reverse respiratory alkalosis is to hold a paper bag over your mouth and take normal breaths, thereby rebreathing the exhaled air. How might this method reverse respiratory alkalosis?

The flow rate of a gas through a tube is proportional to the diameter of the tube. Through which structure in the human respiratory system does air flow the fastest?

Cigarette smoking can sometimes lead to development of a "smoker's cough," which results from paralysis of cilia in the airways. Why would the paralysis of cilia lead to smoker's cough?

What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?

Which of the following organisms has a respiratory system that does not require assistance from a circulatory system for gas exchange?

The oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells is

Consider an animal that exchanges gases through its skin. Which of the following body shapes would provide the most surface area for gas exchange?

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. Many amphibians (including many frogs, toads, and salamanders) spend the early part of their lives in water but live on land as adults. The adults of many species return to water to breed and lay their eggs. Frogs have small lungs and supplement their oxygen intake by breathing through the skin. Although large frogs have more total surface area than smaller frogs, the larger frogs have a lower surface area/volume ratio (less skin surface relative to their total body volume). To keep their respiratory surfaces moist, frogs are generally found in wet or very moist locations. In an experiment designed to investigate oxygen consumption in relation to body size, frogs from five different species were weighed and placed in a respirometer (a machine that measures oxygen consumption) for 1 hour. The table shows the results of the experiment. -You have obtained a frog from a species closely related to the frogs used in the preceding study. If the frog weighs 30 grams, what do you expect its oxygen consumption in 1 hour to be?