Question 1

Hominin fossil footprints that are obviously bipedal date to about ________ years ago.

Accepted Answer

A) 50,000 
B) 100,000 
C) 3)6 million 
D) 12 million 
A) 50,000 
B) 100,000 
C) 3)6 million 
D) 12 million

Question 2

According to this figure, which group includes the closest living relatives to tetrapods such as amphibians, reptiles, and mammals?

Accepted Answer

A) tunicates 
B) sharks and rays 
C) ray-finned fishes 
D) lobe-finned fishes 
A) tunicates 
B) sharks and rays 
C) ray-finned fishes 
D) lobe-finned fishes

Question 3

Complete the analogy: ________ are to vertebrate evolution as ________ are to plant evolution

Accepted Answer

A) Lungs; stomata 
B) Amniotic eggs; seeds 
C) Limbs; flowers 
D) Opposable thumbs; hyphae 
A) Lungs; stomata 
B) Amniotic eggs; seeds 
C) Limbs; flowers 
D) Opposable thumbs; hyphae

Question 4

The most recent evidence clarifying the relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals comes from analysis of

Accepted Answer

A) skeletal structure. 
B) the types of tools that were made by Neanderthals. 
C) Neanderthal artwork and burial rites. 
D) Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA. 
A) skeletal structure. 
B) the types of tools that were made by Neanderthals. 
C) Neanderthal artwork and burial rites. 
D) Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA.

Question 5

The forward-facing eyes shared by all primates help them in

Accepted Answer

A) manipulating small objects. 
B) depth perception as they navigate through forests. 
C) swinging from tree branches. 
D) seeing in the dark. 
A) manipulating small objects. 
B) depth perception as they navigate through forests. 
C) swinging from tree branches. 
D) seeing in the dark.

Question 6

The duck-billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they

Accepted Answer

A) are aquatic. 
B) lay eggs. 
C) have mammary glands. 
D) have hair. 
A) are aquatic. 
B) lay eggs. 
C) have mammary glands. 
D) have hair.

Question 7

Complete the analogy: ________ is/are to birds as ________ is/are to mammals.

Accepted Answer

A) Wings; legs 
B) Water; milk 
C) Feathers; hair 
D) Wings; opposable thumbs 
A) Wings; legs 
B) Water; milk 
C) Feathers; hair 
D) Wings; opposable thumbs

Question 8

Which of the following animals is an ape?

Accepted Answer

A) New World monkey 
B) Old World monkey 
C) orangutan 
D) tarsier 
A) New World monkey 
B) Old World monkey 
C) orangutan 
D) tarsier

Question 9

Which of the following is characteristic of all vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A) a skull and a backbone consisting of vertebrae 
B) a calcified (hard)skeleton and four legs 
C) a hinged jaw 
D) lungs or lung derivatives 
A) a skull and a backbone consisting of vertebrae 
B) a calcified (hard)skeleton and four legs 
C) a hinged jaw 
D) lungs or lung derivatives

Question 10

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Bipedalism is one of the most important characteristics of hominin evolution. The appearance of bipedalism led to anatomical changes that are considered to be distinguishing characteristics of hominin fossils. The evidence for bipedalism is supported by fossil evidence from more than 4 million years ago and 3.6-million-year-old footprints in volcanic ash.
Recently, however, scientists have focused on the link between tooth structure and diet in the evolution of the early hominins, specifically in Australopithecus species. Detailed studies of hominin dental features have provided evidence of an important dietary shift that led to adaptive radiation within this genus. Most of the evidence comes from analyses of tooth size and shape, microscopic wear patterns on teeth, and jaw structure. The evidence suggests that fibrous plant materials became more important through the Pliocene, perhaps as critical components in the diet of some species.
-What is the most likely evolutionary link between bipedalism and changes in the diet of early hominids?

Accepted Answer

A) Bipedal species would be more likely to remain in one type of habitat. 
B) Bipedalism led to new farming practices. 
C) It is easier to escape predators with an upright posture. 
D) The greater ability to move to new habitats facilitated exploitation of new foods. 
A) Bipedal species would be more likely to remain in one type of habitat. 
B) Bipedalism led to new farming practices. 
C) It is easier to escape predators with an upright posture. 
D) The greater ability to move to new habitats facilitated exploitation of new foods.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Sharks have a skeleton made of bone, while ray-finned fishes have flexible skeletons made of cartilage. 
B) Ray-finned fishes have a skeleton made of bone, while sharks have flexible skeletons made of cartilage. 
C) Sharks have a series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins, while lobe-fins have flexible skeletons made of cartilage. 
D) Ray-finned fishes have a series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins, while lobe-fins have flexible skeletons made of cartilage. 
A) Sharks have a skeleton made of bone, while ray-finned fishes have flexible skeletons made of cartilage. 
B) Ray-finned fishes have a skeleton made of bone, while sharks have flexible skeletons made of cartilage. 
C) Sharks have a series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins, while lobe-fins have flexible skeletons made of cartilage. 
D) Ray-finned fishes have a series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins, while lobe-fins have flexible skeletons made of cartilage.

Question 12

Which of the following animal groups is characterized by the absence of tails?

Accepted Answer

A) apes 
B) Old World monkeys 
C) New World monkeys 
D) lemurs 
A) apes 
B) Old World monkeys 
C) New World monkeys 
D) lemurs

Question 13

Prehensile tails are found among

Accepted Answer

A) Old World monkeys. 
B) most hominoids. 
C) New World monkeys. 
D) all primates. 
A) Old World monkeys. 
B) most hominoids. 
C) New World monkeys. 
D) all primates.

Question 14

According to the fossil record, the genus Homo first arose in

Accepted Answer

A) North America. 
B) Europe. 
C) Asia. 
D) Africa. 
A) North America. 
B) Europe. 
C) Asia. 
D) Africa.

Question 15

Neanderthals are best described as

Accepted Answer

A) direct ancestors to modern humans. 
B) direct ancestors to modern Europeans but not to other human populations. 
C) a localized form or subspecies of Homo sapiens that was well-adapted to living in caves and carrying clubs. 
D) a hominin that colonized Europe independently of Homo sapiens and that may or may not have interbred with modern humans. 
A) direct ancestors to modern humans. 
B) direct ancestors to modern Europeans but not to other human populations. 
C) a localized form or subspecies of Homo sapiens that was well-adapted to living in caves and carrying clubs. 
D) a hominin that colonized Europe independently of Homo sapiens and that may or may not have interbred with modern humans.

Question 16

By far the largest number of extant fish species on Earth have

Accepted Answer

A) a cartilaginous skeleton. 
B) rasping tongues to enhance their parasitic behavior. 
C) an operculum and swim bladder. 
D) high economic importance for their skin, which can be made into faux leather. 
A) a cartilaginous skeleton. 
B) rasping tongues to enhance their parasitic behavior. 
C) an operculum and swim bladder. 
D) high economic importance for their skin, which can be made into faux leather.

Question 17

Recall that the cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water, and the seed helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land. The analogous adaptations in reptiles are ________ (analogous to the cuticle)and ________ (analogous to the seed).

Accepted Answer

A) scales; jellylike egg masses 
B) scales; the amniotic egg 
C) scales; aquatic larvae 
D) claws; lungs 
A) scales; jellylike egg masses 
B) scales; the amniotic egg 
C) scales; aquatic larvae 
D) claws; lungs

Question 18

Mammals

Accepted Answer

A) evolved from birds. 
B) all give birth to live young. 
C) all lay eggs. 
D) have hair and mammary glands. 
A) evolved from birds. 
B) all give birth to live young. 
C) all lay eggs. 
D) have hair and mammary glands.

Question 19

Human DNA and chimpanzee DNA

Accepted Answer

A) differ by about 1%. 
B) differ by about 3%. 
C) differ by more than 10%. 
D) differ by the same amount that human DNA differs from orangutan DNA. 
A) differ by about 1%. 
B) differ by about 3%. 
C) differ by more than 10%. 
D) differ by the same amount that human DNA differs from orangutan DNA.

Question 20

The fossil "hobbits" discovered in Indonesia may be ________ that lived ________.

Accepted Answer

A) a newly discovered species of Homo; as recently as 18,000 years ago 
B) a population of Homo sapiens with a genetic disorder; at the same time as the Neanderthals 
C) a lineage of early hominins; about 5 million years ago 
D) a dwarf lineage of Australopithecus; around the same time as "Lucy" 
A) a newly discovered species of Homo; as recently as 18,000 years ago 
B) a population of Homo sapiens with a genetic disorder; at the same time as the Neanderthals 
C) a lineage of early hominins; about 5 million years ago 
D) a dwarf lineage of Australopithecus; around the same time as "Lucy"

Exam 19: The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity

Hominin fossil footprints that are obviously bipedal date to about ________ years ago.

According to this figure, which group includes the closest living relatives to tetrapods such as amphibians, reptiles, and mammals?

Complete the analogy: ________ are to vertebrate evolution as ________ are to plant evolution

The most recent evidence clarifying the relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals comes from analysis of

The forward-facing eyes shared by all primates help them in

The duck-billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they

Complete the analogy: ________ is/are to birds as ________ is/are to mammals.

Which of the following animals is an ape?

Which of the following is characteristic of all vertebrates?

Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following animal groups is characterized by the absence of tails?

Prehensile tails are found among

According to the fossil record, the genus Homo first arose in

Neanderthals are best described as

By far the largest number of extant fish species on Earth have

Recall that the cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water, and the seed helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land. The analogous adaptations in reptiles are ________ (analogous to the cuticle)and ________ (analogous to the seed).

Mammals

Human DNA and chimpanzee DNA

The fossil "hobbits" discovered in Indonesia may be ________ that lived ________.

Biology: Exploring Life

The Chemical Basis of Life

The Molecules of Cells

A Tour of the Cell

The Working Cell

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

Patterns of Inheritance

Molecular Biology of the Gene

How Genes Are Controlled

DNA Technology and Genomics

How Populations Evolve

The Origin of Species

Tracing Evolutionary History

Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists

The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity

The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity

Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Gas Exchange

Circulation

the Immune System

Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Reproduction and Embryonic Development

Nervous Systems

the Senses

How Animals Move

Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Control Systems in Plants

the Biosphere: an Introduction to Earths Diverse Environments

Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment

Population Ecology

Communities and Ecosystems

Conservation Biology

Filters

Complete the analogy: are to vertebrate evolution as are to plant evolution

Complete the analogy: is/are to birds as is/are to mammals.

Recall that the cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water, and the seed helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land. The analogous adaptations in reptiles are (analogous to the cuticle)and (analogous to the seed).

The fossil "hobbits" discovered in Indonesia may be that lived .