Exam 11: How Genes Are Controlled

Which of the following statements regarding skin cells and muscle cells in your body is true?

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow. While DNA microarrays can be used to determine whether or not a gene is expressed in a cell, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can be used to measure the extent of gene expression in cells and tissues. To perform qPCR, mRNA is extracted from cells and reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA). Using fluorescent DNA molecules that recognize specific gene sequences and DNA polymerase, copies of the gene sequence of interest are made. After the copies are made, a fluorescent detector measures the intensity of the fluorescent signal, which is proportional to the number of mRNA transcripts in the cell and corresponds to the level of gene expression in the cell. -Which of the following statements regarding the comparison of DNA microarrays and qPCR is false?

The coding regions of a gene are called

In female mammals, the inactive X chromosome in each cell

A gene that can cause cancer when present in a single copy in a cell is called a(n)

A signal outside a cell triggers changes in the transcription and translation inside the cell through

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow. While DNA microarrays can be used to determine whether or not a gene is expressed in a cell, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can be used to measure the extent of gene expression in cells and tissues. To perform qPCR, mRNA is extracted from cells and reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA). Using fluorescent DNA molecules that recognize specific gene sequences and DNA polymerase, copies of the gene sequence of interest are made. After the copies are made, a fluorescent detector measures the intensity of the fluorescent signal, which is proportional to the number of mRNA transcripts in the cell and corresponds to the level of gene expression in the cell. -In a muscle cell, the contractile protein myosin is present in larger quantities than the structural protein actin. Which of the following qPCR results would support this observation?

Cancer of the colon is caused by

In 2013, an estimated 160,000 people in the United States will die of lung cancer. If the cancer death rate is expected to increase by 1% per decade, approximately how many people will die of lung cancer in the United States in 2033?

Which of the following possible uses of reproductive cloning is still considered by most to be an unresolved ethical issue?

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow. While DNA microarrays can be used to determine whether or not a gene is expressed in a cell, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can be used to measure the extent of gene expression in cells and tissues. To perform qPCR, mRNA is extracted from cells and reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA). Using fluorescent DNA molecules that recognize specific gene sequences and DNA polymerase, copies of the gene sequence of interest are made. After the copies are made, a fluorescent detector measures the intensity of the fluorescent signal, which is proportional to the number of mRNA transcripts in the cell and corresponds to the level of gene expression in the cell. -A pancreatic cell normally produces low levels of the protein insulin, but after a meal it produces large levels of insulin before returning to its initial state. Which of the following figures would represent qPCR data obtained from a pancreatic cell that went through this cycle?

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow. All apples in the United States, regardless of variety or where they're purchased, are produced by cloning. For more than 2,000 years, apple growers around the world have used a type of cloning called grafting to produce larger, better-tasting apples. Why has cloning become the primary method of apple growing? Apples grown from seeds usually don't produce apples with the same taste and appearance as that of the parent tree because there's a high degree of genetic variability among the seeds. Making identical genetic copies of the preferred fruit is the only way to get reliable apple quality. In grafting, the shoots and branches of the desired fruit, called a scion, are attached onto the trunk and root system of a previously existing tree, called the rootstock. Both components of the graft are needed because the rootstock controls gene expression in the scion, triggering production of apples that match the cloned scion. Grafting research can be used to produce some interesting tree combinations that are beneficial for intensive agriculture. For example, if you graft the root of a small tree variety, such as the crab apple, onto the shoot from a larger apple tree, such as the Gala, you can produce Gala apples on a much smaller tree. Other scientists are trying to create disease-resistant varieties that would need fewer pesticides. This is beneficial for the environment and also lowers the price of apples in the grocery store. -Why don't the grafted hybrids produce apples with a blend of traits from the scion and the rootstock?

Which structure in this figure shows one complete nucleosome?

In thinking about their role in cell division, oncogenes are like the ________ of a car, while tumor suppressor genes are like the ________ of a car.

Proteins that bind to DNA and turn on operons by making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter are called

The carcinogen known to cause the most cases and types of cancer is

A stomach cell is producing pepsin, an enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins. Which of the following events suggests that gene expression of pepsin has been turned off in the cell?

Which of the following statements regarding cancer risk factors is false?

Melanoma (skin cancer)can develop after several mutations occur in skin cells. If a woman is diagnosed with melanoma and becomes pregnant, what are the chances that her offspring will inherit melanoma?

In a prokaryote, a group of genes with related functions, along with their associated control sequences, defines