Question 1

How does body water, as a percentage of body weight, change based on stage of the life cycle and lifestyle?

Accepted Answer

A) Decreases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than non-athletes 
B) Decreases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than non-athletes 
C) Increases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than non-athletes 
D) Increases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than non-athletes 
A) Decreases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than non-athletes 
B) Decreases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than non-athletes 
C) Increases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than non-athletes 
D) Increases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than non-athletes A

Question 2

Which organ(s) maintain acid-base balance by the regulation of hydrogen ions?

Accepted Answer

A) Lungs 
B) Liver 
C) Kidneys 
D) Adrenal glands 
A) Lungs 
B) Liver 
C) Kidneys 
D) Adrenal glands C

Question 3

Sodium is increased the most by the intake of

Accepted Answer

A) fresh vegetables. 
B) frozen vegetables. 
C) fresh meats. 
D) luncheon meats. 
A) fresh vegetables. 
B) frozen vegetables. 
C) fresh meats. 
D) luncheon meats. D

Question 4

When vasopressin is excessively secreted in the blood, which of the following effects occurs?

Accepted Answer

A) Low serum potassium because water is retained 
B) Low serum sodium because water is retained 
C) High serum potassium because water is excreted 
D) High serum sodium because water is excreted 
A) Low serum potassium because water is retained 
B) Low serum sodium because water is retained 
C) High serum potassium because water is excreted 
D) High serum sodium because water is excreted

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Accumulation of bicarbonate 
B) Decreased ventilation and retention of carbon dioxide 
C) Accumulation of acids from abnormal metabolism 
D) Excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the lungs 
A) Accumulation of bicarbonate 
B) Decreased ventilation and retention of carbon dioxide 
C) Accumulation of acids from abnormal metabolism 
D) Excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the lungs

Question 6

In the extracellular space, what is the primary buffer system?

Accepted Answer

A) Phosphate 
B) Bicarbonate and carbonic acid 
C) Hydrogen 
D) Protein 
A) Phosphate 
B) Bicarbonate and carbonic acid 
C) Hydrogen 
D) Protein

Question 7

Eating which of the following would most increase dietary potassium intake?

Accepted Answer

A) Fruits and vegetables 
B) Saltwater fish 
C) Grains 
D) Cereals 
A) Fruits and vegetables 
B) Saltwater fish 
C) Grains 
D) Cereals

Question 8

What effect is of greatest concern in water intoxication?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased volume of the brain cells 
B) Hypertension 
C) Decreased circulating blood volume 
D) Increased urinary output 
A) Increased volume of the brain cells 
B) Hypertension 
C) Decreased circulating blood volume 
D) Increased urinary output

Question 9

By what mechanism is thirst stimulated in the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

A) Increase in serum osmolality 
B) Decrease in serum osmolality 
C) Increase in both serum osmolality and in extracellular volume 
D) Decrease in serum osmolality and an increase in extracellular volume 
A) Increase in serum osmolality 
B) Decrease in serum osmolality 
C) Increase in both serum osmolality and in extracellular volume 
D) Decrease in serum osmolality and an increase in extracellular volume

Question 10

What is the primary means by which hydrogen ions are generated in the body?

Accepted Answer

A) Normal tissue metabolism 
B) Ingestion of highly acidic foods 
C) Oxidation-reduction reactions 
D) Reabsorption of bicarbonate 
A) Normal tissue metabolism 
B) Ingestion of highly acidic foods 
C) Oxidation-reduction reactions 
D) Reabsorption of bicarbonate

Question 11

Where in the body is interstitial fluid located?

Accepted Answer

A) Within body cells and the lymphatic system 
B) Within body cells 
C) Between and around body cells 
D) In the blood and the lymphatic system 
A) Within body cells and the lymphatic system 
B) Within body cells 
C) Between and around body cells 
D) In the blood and the lymphatic system

Question 12

How would the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased kidney excretion of bicarbonate 
B) Increased ventilation of carbon dioxide 
C) Decreased kidney excretion of bicarbonate 
D) Decreased ventilation of carbon dioxide 
A) Increased kidney excretion of bicarbonate 
B) Increased ventilation of carbon dioxide 
C) Decreased kidney excretion of bicarbonate 
D) Decreased ventilation of carbon dioxide

Question 13

What is the primary disturbance when respiratory alkalosis occurs?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased bicarbonate 
B) Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide 
C) Decreased bicarbonate 
D) Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide 
A) Increased bicarbonate 
B) Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide 
C) Decreased bicarbonate 
D) Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 14

Which acid-base imbalance can result from diuretics use, vomiting, and loss of chloride?

Accepted Answer

A) Respiratory alkalosis 
B) Respiratory acidosis 
C) Metabolic alkalosis 
D) Metabolic acidosis 
A) Respiratory alkalosis 
B) Respiratory acidosis 
C) Metabolic alkalosis 
D) Metabolic acidosis

Question 15

For a normal healthy adult, fluid balance is achieved when the amount of water taken in is

Accepted Answer

A) half the amount that is lost. 
B) about equal to the amount lost. 
C) twice the amount lost. 
D) unrelated to the amount of water lost. 
A) half the amount that is lost. 
B) about equal to the amount lost. 
C) twice the amount lost. 
D) unrelated to the amount of water lost.

Question 16

The recommended fluid intake based on caloric intake is

Accepted Answer

A) 2 mL/kcal for adults and 3 mL/kcal for infants. 
B) 0.5 mL/kcal for adults and infants. 
C) 2 mL/kcal for adults and 1 mL/kcal for infants. 
D) 1 mL/kcal for adults and 1.5 mL/kcal for infants. 
A) 2 mL/kcal for adults and 3 mL/kcal for infants. 
B) 0.5 mL/kcal for adults and infants. 
C) 2 mL/kcal for adults and 1 mL/kcal for infants. 
D) 1 mL/kcal for adults and 1.5 mL/kcal for infants.

Question 17

The kidneys compensate for a loss of body water by excreting

Accepted Answer

A) additional fluid and electrolytes. 
B) additional electrolytes. 
C) more concentrated urine. 
D) more dilute urine. 
A) additional fluid and electrolytes. 
B) additional electrolytes. 
C) more concentrated urine. 
D) more dilute urine.

Question 18

How does dehydration affect the specific gravity of urine?

Accepted Answer

A) Specific gravity of urine increases above normal. 
B) Specific gravity of urine does not change during dehydration. 
C) Specific gravity of urine decreases below normal. 
D) Specific gravity of urine undergoes a threefold increase. 
A) Specific gravity of urine increases above normal. 
B) Specific gravity of urine does not change during dehydration. 
C) Specific gravity of urine decreases below normal. 
D) Specific gravity of urine undergoes a threefold increase.

Question 19

Which of the following results from ingesting a large amount of sodium in a short time?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypotension 
B) Muscular cramps 
C) Increased urinary calcium excretion 
D) Increased urinary output of potassium 
A) Hypotension 
B) Muscular cramps 
C) Increased urinary calcium excretion 
D) Increased urinary output of potassium

Question 20

For the average woman, _____ mL/day would meet fluid needs.

Accepted Answer

A) 1500 
B) 1700 
C) 2700 
D) 3500 
A) 1500 
B) 1700 
C) 2700 
D) 3500

Exam 7: Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

How does body water, as a percentage of body weight, change based on stage of the life cycle and lifestyle?

Which organ(s) maintain acid-base balance by the regulation of hydrogen ions?

Sodium is increased the most by the intake of

When vasopressin is excessively secreted in the blood, which of the following effects occurs?

Which of the following is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

In the extracellular space, what is the primary buffer system?

Eating which of the following would most increase dietary potassium intake?

What effect is of greatest concern in water intoxication?

By what mechanism is thirst stimulated in the hypothalamus?

What is the primary means by which hydrogen ions are generated in the body?

Where in the body is interstitial fluid located?

How would the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?

What is the primary disturbance when respiratory alkalosis occurs?

Which acid-base imbalance can result from diuretics use, vomiting, and loss of chloride?

For a normal healthy adult, fluid balance is achieved when the amount of water taken in is

The recommended fluid intake based on caloric intake is

The kidneys compensate for a loss of body water by excreting

How does dehydration affect the specific gravity of urine?

Which of the following results from ingesting a large amount of sodium in a short time?

For the average woman, _____ mL/day would meet fluid needs.

Digestion, Absorption, Transport, and Excretion of Nutrients

Energy

The Nutrients and Their Metabolism

Intake: Analysis of the Diet

Assessment: Nutritional Genomics

Clinical: Inflammation, Physical and Functional Assessment

Clinical: Biochemical Assessment

Clinical: Food-Drug Interactions

Behavioral-Environmental: The Individual in the Community

Overview of Nutrition Diagnosis and Intervention

Food-Nutrient Delivery: Planning the Diet With Cultural Competency

Food and Nutrient Delivery: Bioactive Substances and Integrative Care

Food-Nutrient Delivery: Nutrition Support Methods

Interventions: Education and Counseling for Behavior Change

Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation

Nutrition During Infancy

Nutrition in Childhood

Nutrition in Adolescence

Nutrition in the Adult Years

Nutrition in Aging

Weight Management

Nutrition in Eating Disorders

Nutrition in Exercise and Sports Performance

Nutrition and Bone Health

Nutrition for Oral and Dental Health

Mnt for Food Allergy and Food Intolerance

Medical Nutrition Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders

Medical Nutrition Therapy for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders

Medical Nutrition Therapy for Liver, Biliary System, and Exocrine Pancreas Disorders

Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin

Medical Nutrition Therapy for Thyroid and Related Disorders

Medical Nutrition Therapy for Anemia

Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease

Medical Nutrition Therapy for Pulmonary Disease

Medical and Nutrition Therapy for Renal Disorders

Medical and Nutrition Therapy for Cancer

Medical and Nutrition Therapy for HIV and AIDS

Medical and Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Stress: Sepsis, Trauma, Burns, and Surgery

Medical and Nutrition Therapy for Rheumatic Disease

Medical and Nutrition Therapy for Neurologic Disorders

Medical and Nutrition Therapy for Psychiatric Conditions

Medical and Nutrition Therapy for Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Medical and Nutrition Therapy for Genetic Metabolic Disorders

Medical and Nutrition Therapy for Developmental Disabilities

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