Exam 5: Groups and Organizations

Provide definitions for ingroup, outgroup, and reference group and describe the significance of these concepts in everyday life.

Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization do not have. This is one of the primary reasons for the emergence of __________.

Jocelyn is a senior at the local university and plans to go to graduate school in sociology. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. For Jocelyn, the graduate sociology students have become her __________.

Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and pool their notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them __________.

Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast food restaurant)? 

__________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ organizations.

The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed __________.

__________ needs cannot always be met by one person, so being in a group enables one to complete tasks or fulfill a specific goal.

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal.

Describe the informal structure in bureaucracy and discuss its positive and negative aspects.

Sociologist Amitai Etzioni classified formal organizations into three categories. Which of these is not one of them?​

Describe types and styles of group leadership.

We voluntarily join __________ organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

A teacher gives students ideas for an assignment, but encourages them to be creative and pick their own subject and format. The teacher is using a _________ leadership style.

In our rapidly changing society, formal organizations continually make significant changes in the way they are structured.

Workers in Japan have greater job security than do workers in the United States.

Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic toward the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. For Cody, these two rival gangs would be considered __________.

Sociologist George Ritzer applied Weber's theories to an examination of fast food restaurants such as McDonald's. In the process of "McDonaldization," he identified four dimensions of formal rationality. Which of the following is not one of these dimensions?​