Question 1

In general, mathematical models

Accepted Answer

A)  rarely allow accurate predictions. 
B)  tend to accurately reflect natural complexities. 
C)  tend to generate a picture of nature that is overly complex. 
D)  tend to oversimplify nature. 
A)  rarely allow accurate predictions. 
B)  tend to accurately reflect natural complexities. 
C)  tend to generate a picture of nature that is overly complex. 
D)  tend to oversimplify nature.

Question 2

A species that is very sensitive to the vibrations transmitted by its prey through the sand is the

Accepted Answer

A)  platypus. 
B)  rattlesnake. 
C)  scorpion. 
D)  star-nosed mole. 
A)  platypus. 
B)  rattlesnake. 
C)  scorpion. 
D)  star-nosed mole.

Question 3

A limitation in the availability of a preferred food, a need for nutritional variety, or a need to minimize exposure to risks associated with a particular predator or with a particular toxin may lead to

Accepted Answer

A)  carnivory. 
B)  herbivory. 
C)  omnivory. 
D)  suspension feeding. 
A)  carnivory. 
B)  herbivory. 
C)  omnivory. 
D)  suspension feeding.

Question 4

Milkweed beetles (Tetraopes tetrophthalmus) bite repeatedly into the midribs of the milkweed plant's leaves. This behavior

Accepted Answer

A)  allows them to feed from the highly nutritious sap contained in the leaves, which can be harvested in no other way. 
B)  allows them to feed from the tips of the leaves without being bothered by the noxious chemicals in the sap. 
C)  attracts other beetles, which provides an opportunity for a male to court a larger number of females simultaneously than would otherwise be possible. 
D)  causes the plant to die, which eventually eliminates a potentially dangerous plant from the beetles' environment. 
A)  allows them to feed from the highly nutritious sap contained in the leaves, which can be harvested in no other way. 
B)  allows them to feed from the tips of the leaves without being bothered by the noxious chemicals in the sap. 
C)  attracts other beetles, which provides an opportunity for a male to court a larger number of females simultaneously than would otherwise be possible. 
D)  causes the plant to die, which eventually eliminates a potentially dangerous plant from the beetles' environment.

Question 5

In field tests of optimal diet theory, it is impossible to control the rate at which the subject encounters prey types. When tested in a laboratory with appropriate controls, however, Krebs and his coworkers (1977) found that when large mealworms were made more plentiful, in contrast to the model's predictions, his bird subjects

Accepted Answer

A)  consumed small and large prey in direct proportion to their presentation rates. 
B)  immediately excluded smaller prey from their diet. 
C)  never completely excluded smaller prey from their diet. 
D)  tended to exclude large prey items from their diet. 
A)  consumed small and large prey in direct proportion to their presentation rates. 
B)  immediately excluded smaller prey from their diet. 
C)  never completely excluded smaller prey from their diet. 
D)  tended to exclude large prey items from their diet.

Question 6

When gerbils were offered a choice between foraging for seeds in a safe plot or in a risky plot (one exposed to the simulated light of a full moon or one visited by a trained owl flying overhead), they preferred the safe plot

Accepted Answer

A)  as long as the number of seeds was the same in the two plots. 
B)  under all conditions. 
C)  when the risk involved the moonlight rather than the owl. 
D)  when the risk involved the owl rather than the moonlight. 
A)  as long as the number of seeds was the same in the two plots. 
B)  under all conditions. 
C)  when the risk involved the moonlight rather than the owl. 
D)  when the risk involved the owl rather than the moonlight.

Question 7

The fact that animals as diverse as moose, hummingbirds, and locusts can select a food that redresses a specific nutritional need suggests that animals

Accepted Answer

A)  balance specific nutritional needs with overall energy needs by eating a mixture of items. 
B)  eat to maximize energy intake. 
C)  generally meet their overall energy requirements as a side effect of attending to specific nutritional needs. 
D)  will eat to meet specific nutritional needs, even at the expense of minimum energy requirements for weight maintenance. 
A)  balance specific nutritional needs with overall energy needs by eating a mixture of items. 
B)  eat to maximize energy intake. 
C)  generally meet their overall energy requirements as a side effect of attending to specific nutritional needs. 
D)  will eat to meet specific nutritional needs, even at the expense of minimum energy requirements for weight maintenance.

Question 8

A whole class of foraging models has been developed that are referred to as producer/scrounger models. These have been created to explore issues related to

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviors associated with predator avoidance. 
B)  the feeder's level of risk sensitivity. 
C)  the internal state of the feeding animal. 
D)  the presence of competitors at the feeding site. 
A)  behaviors associated with predator avoidance. 
B)  the feeder's level of risk sensitivity. 
C)  the internal state of the feeding animal. 
D)  the presence of competitors at the feeding site.

Question 9

The pores near the mouths of sharks, which lead to gel-filled tubes in the sharks' heads, allow a shark to locate prey by detecting

Accepted Answer

A)  electrical fields. 
B)  olfactory cues. 
C)  visual information. 
D)  weak disturbances in the water. 
A)  electrical fields. 
B)  olfactory cues. 
C)  visual information. 
D)  weak disturbances in the water.

Question 10

What to eat, where to look for food, how long to search, and what path to take are examples of ideas that are useful to optimality theory because they

Accepted Answer

A)  are activities about which animals are capable of performing conscious decisions as they work out cost-benefit ratios. 
B)  ensure that there are always some benefits available to be measured. 
C)  help us break foraging behavior into a series of decisions that can be focused on one at a time. 
D)  provide a common currency for analysis. 
A)  are activities about which animals are capable of performing conscious decisions as they work out cost-benefit ratios. 
B)  ensure that there are always some benefits available to be measured. 
C)  help us break foraging behavior into a series of decisions that can be focused on one at a time. 
D)  provide a common currency for analysis.

Question 11

Aggressive mimicry can involve a predator mimicking

Accepted Answer

A)  attention getting, food-like objects. 
B)  the appearance and the behavior of a beneficial species. 
C)  the courtship signals of the prey species. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  attention getting, food-like objects. 
B)  the appearance and the behavior of a beneficial species. 
C)  the courtship signals of the prey species. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 12

Northwestern crows (Corvus caurinus) search along the waterline during low tide for whelks, or large snails. Which of the following statements about crows and/or the whelks they prey upon is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Crows pick up a whelk and then carry it to a collection of whelks located in a safer feeding area away from the waterline. 
B)  Crows pick up a whelk, carry it over rocks, fly almost vertically upwards, then drop the whelk. 
C)  Large whelks are so heavy that carrying them costs more energy than the whelk supplies in calories. 
D)  Whelks are preyed upon only until clams are available, at which point the preference shifts entirely to clams. 
A)  Crows pick up a whelk and then carry it to a collection of whelks located in a safer feeding area away from the waterline. 
B)  Crows pick up a whelk, carry it over rocks, fly almost vertically upwards, then drop the whelk. 
C)  Large whelks are so heavy that carrying them costs more energy than the whelk supplies in calories. 
D)  Whelks are preyed upon only until clams are available, at which point the preference shifts entirely to clams.

Question 13

A heightened ability to detect a target has been called forming a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  optimization guide. 
B)  overselection bias. 
C)  search image. 
D)  target species. 
A)  optimization guide. 
B)  overselection bias. 
C)  search image. 
D)  target species.

Question 14

A plant may need to develop defenses to keep animals away from its

Accepted Answer

A)  fruit. 
B)  pollen. 
C)  roots. 
D)  seeds. 
A)  fruit. 
B)  pollen. 
C)  roots. 
D)  seeds.

Question 15

Changes in foraging behavior in the face of predation risk may be manifested by

Accepted Answer

A)  avoiding dangerous places. 
B)  avoiding dangerous times of the day. 
C)  increasing vigilance when foraging. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  avoiding dangerous places. 
B)  avoiding dangerous times of the day. 
C)  increasing vigilance when foraging. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 16

Regardless of the cause, at some point it will become advantageous for a forager to move from a currently used patch to a new one, where food may be easier to find. In 1976, Charnov modeled this problem in the

Accepted Answer

A)  cost-benefit ratio. 
B)  energy maximization theorem. 
C)  marginal value theorem. 
D)  optimal patch theorem. 
A)  cost-benefit ratio. 
B)  energy maximization theorem. 
C)  marginal value theorem. 
D)  optimal patch theorem.

In general, mathematical models

A species that is very sensitive to the vibrations transmitted by its prey through the sand is the

A limitation in the availability of a preferred food, a need for nutritional variety, or a need to minimize exposure to risks associated with a particular predator or with a particular toxin may lead to

Milkweed beetles (Tetraopes tetrophthalmus) bite repeatedly into the midribs of the milkweed plant's leaves. This behavior

When gerbils were offered a choice between foraging for seeds in a safe plot or in a risky plot (one exposed to the simulated light of a full moon or one visited by a trained owl flying overhead), they preferred the safe plot

The fact that animals as diverse as moose, hummingbirds, and locusts can select a food that redresses a specific nutritional need suggests that animals

A whole class of foraging models has been developed that are referred to as producer/scrounger models. These have been created to explore issues related to

The pores near the mouths of sharks, which lead to gel-filled tubes in the sharks' heads, allow a shark to locate prey by detecting

What to eat, where to look for food, how long to search, and what path to take are examples of ideas that are useful to optimality theory because they

Aggressive mimicry can involve a predator mimicking

Northwestern crows (Corvus caurinus) search along the waterline during low tide for whelks, or large snails. Which of the following statements about crows and/or the whelks they prey upon is TRUE?

A heightened ability to detect a target has been called forming a(n)

A plant may need to develop defenses to keep animals away from its

Changes in foraging behavior in the face of predation risk may be manifested by

Regardless of the cause, at some point it will become advantageous for a forager to move from a currently used patch to a new one, where food may be easier to find. In 1976, Charnov modeled this problem in the

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Learning and Cognition

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Antipredator Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Conflict

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters

Exam 12: Foraging Behavior

In general, mathematical models

A species that is very sensitive to the vibrations transmitted by its prey through the sand is the

A limitation in the availability of a preferred food, a need for nutritional variety, or a need to minimize exposure to risks associated with a particular predator or with a particular toxin may lead to

Milkweed beetles (Tetraopes tetrophthalmus) bite repeatedly into the midribs of the milkweed plant's leaves. This behavior

When gerbils were offered a choice between foraging for seeds in a safe plot or in a risky plot (one exposed to the simulated light of a full moon or one visited by a trained owl flying overhead), they preferred the safe plot

The fact that animals as diverse as moose, hummingbirds, and locusts can select a food that redresses a specific nutritional need suggests that animals

A whole class of foraging models has been developed that are referred to as producer/scrounger models. These have been created to explore issues related to

The pores near the mouths of sharks, which lead to gel-filled tubes in the sharks' heads, allow a shark to locate prey by detecting

What to eat, where to look for food, how long to search, and what path to take are examples of ideas that are useful to optimality theory because they

Aggressive mimicry can involve a predator mimicking

Northwestern crows (Corvus caurinus) search along the waterline during low tide for whelks, or large snails. Which of the following statements about crows and/or the whelks they prey upon is TRUE?

A heightened ability to detect a target has been called forming a(n)

A plant may need to develop defenses to keep animals away from its

Changes in foraging behavior in the face of predation risk may be manifested by

Regardless of the cause, at some point it will become advantageous for a forager to move from a currently used patch to a new one, where food may be easier to find. In 1976, Charnov modeled this problem in the

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Learning and Cognition

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Antipredator Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Conflict

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters