Question 1

In a simple game-theory model of aggression called the hawk-dove game, which of the following strategies is NOT likely?

Accepted Answer

A)  dove meets a dove and immediately attacks. 
B)  dove meets a hawk and immediately flees. 
C)  hawk meets a dove and immediately attacks. 
D)  hawk meets a hawk and immediately attacks. 
A)  dove meets a dove and immediately attacks. 
B)  dove meets a hawk and immediately flees. 
C)  hawk meets a dove and immediately attacks. 
D)  hawk meets a hawk and immediately attacks. A

Question 2

Subordinates within a group

Accepted Answer

A)  may employ rather subversive strategies. 
B)  may do rather well overall reproductively. 
C)  occasionally win a fight and gain access to a resource. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  may employ rather subversive strategies. 
B)  may do rather well overall reproductively. 
C)  occasionally win a fight and gain access to a resource. 
D)  all of the above. D

Question 3

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a hawk meets another hawk?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  V 
C)  (V-W)/2 
D)  (V/2)-D 
A)  0 
B)  V 
C)  (V-W)/2 
D)  (V/2)-D C

Question 4

If you are the daughter of a high-ranking rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), you

Accepted Answer

A)  are probably going to be the target of considerable hostility. 
B)  hold a dominance rank immediately below that of your mother. 
C)  will have to disperse from the group before you can be reproductively active. 
D)  will have to earn your place in the group's hierarchy once you get beyond your juvenile years. 
A)  are probably going to be the target of considerable hostility. 
B)  hold a dominance rank immediately below that of your mother. 
C)  will have to disperse from the group before you can be reproductively active. 
D)  will have to earn your place in the group's hierarchy once you get beyond your juvenile years.

Question 5

If a conditional strategy, such as the "assessor strategy", is to be effective it is likely that

Accepted Answer

A)  animals evolve in ways that allow them to assess one another's resource holding potential accurately. 
B)  animals will evolve in ways that allow them to bluff convincingly when possible. 
C)  contestants might increase their fitness by assessing their opponent's resource holding potential relative to their own and adjust their fighting strategy to suit the occasion. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  animals evolve in ways that allow them to assess one another's resource holding potential accurately. 
B)  animals will evolve in ways that allow them to bluff convincingly when possible. 
C)  contestants might increase their fitness by assessing their opponent's resource holding potential relative to their own and adjust their fighting strategy to suit the occasion. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 6

The ideal free distribution

Accepted Answer

A)  automatically occurs once each animal has dealt with the constraints placed upon it by other animals. 
B)  has been shown to actually occur in numerous species. 
C)  is the predicted result if animals had no actual knowledge about the relative value of individual habitats. 
D)  is the way animals distribute themselves if each of them is successful in defending a territory. 
A)  automatically occurs once each animal has dealt with the constraints placed upon it by other animals. 
B)  has been shown to actually occur in numerous species. 
C)  is the predicted result if animals had no actual knowledge about the relative value of individual habitats. 
D)  is the way animals distribute themselves if each of them is successful in defending a territory.

Question 7

To construct hypotheses about the evolution of conflict behavior, many researchers have turned to game theory because

Accepted Answer

A)  animals involved in conflict in nature are not usually involved in particularly serious struggles. 
B)  animals with highly developed cognitive abilities use it as they navigate their day to day lives. 
C)  it predicts an animal's optimal strategy while taking into account the behavior of other animals. 
D)  the mathematics involved are complex. 
A)  animals involved in conflict in nature are not usually involved in particularly serious struggles. 
B)  animals with highly developed cognitive abilities use it as they navigate their day to day lives. 
C)  it predicts an animal's optimal strategy while taking into account the behavior of other animals. 
D)  the mathematics involved are complex.

Question 8

In an experiment (Arnott and Elwood 2007), some hermit crabs, who use empty snail shells as shelters, were induced to change their fighting strategies such that they fought harder if they were in the role of attacker, but gave up more easily when in the role of defender. In this case, this occurred because they

Accepted Answer

A)  had been shown a hidden cache of higher quality shells the other crabs weren't yet aware of. 
B)  had lost previous arranged fights. 
C)  had recently eaten. 
D)  were carrying a shell with an unpleasantly scratchy inside surface produced by the experimenter. 
A)  had been shown a hidden cache of higher quality shells the other crabs weren't yet aware of. 
B)  had lost previous arranged fights. 
C)  had recently eaten. 
D)  were carrying a shell with an unpleasantly scratchy inside surface produced by the experimenter.

Question 9

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, under what circumstances might a pure hawk strategy be an ESS?

Accepted Answer

A) never B) when V>W C) when V< W D) when W=D A) never B) when V>W C) when V< W D) when W=D

Question 10

Patterns of glucocorticoids across dominant and subordinate animals

Accepted Answer

A)  have been found to be positively, negatively, or uncorrelated with rank across species. 
B)  may be related to long term differences in health associated with differences in rank. 
C)  may vary in their correlation with rank throughout the day. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  have been found to be positively, negatively, or uncorrelated with rank across species. 
B)  may be related to long term differences in health associated with differences in rank. 
C)  may vary in their correlation with rank throughout the day. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 11

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a dove meets a hawk?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  V 
C)  (V-W)/2 
D)  (V/2)-D 
A)  0 
B)  V 
C)  (V-W)/2 
D)  (V/2)-D

Question 12

The entire area in which an animal lives is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  home range. 
B)  homestead. 
C)  territorial system. 
D)  wide range. 
A)  home range. 
B)  homestead. 
C)  territorial system. 
D)  wide range.

Question 13

An area that is defended from intruders is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  core area. 
B)  deteriorating range. 
C)  home range. 
D)  territory. 
A)  core area. 
B)  deteriorating range. 
C)  home range. 
D)  territory.

Question 14

Early ethologists tended to believe that

Accepted Answer

A)  animals displayed restraint in fighting for the good of the species as a whole. 
B)  animals would always fight to their maximum ability. 
C)  natural selection favors the individual that behaves for the sake of other individuals that are related to it. 
D)  natural selection favors the individual that passes on more of its own genes. 
A)  animals displayed restraint in fighting for the good of the species as a whole. 
B)  animals would always fight to their maximum ability. 
C)  natural selection favors the individual that behaves for the sake of other individuals that are related to it. 
D)  natural selection favors the individual that passes on more of its own genes.

Question 15

Which of the following would NOT be considered a cost of maintaining a territory?

Accepted Answer

A)  evicting intruders. 
B)  having a high quality site to raise young. 
C)  having less time to forage. 
D)  patrolling boundaries. 
A)  evicting intruders. 
B)  having a high quality site to raise young. 
C)  having less time to forage. 
D)  patrolling boundaries.

Question 16

An individual animal is most likely to be territorial when resources are

Accepted Answer

A)  plentiful. 
B)  moderately abundant. 
C)  scarce. 
D)  thinly dispersed. 
A)  plentiful. 
B)  moderately abundant. 
C)  scarce. 
D)  thinly dispersed.

Question 17

If you are trying to reduce the costs of maintaining a territory, you would probably select it so that it

Accepted Answer

A)  avoids natural boundary markers. 
B)  includes good lookout points. 
C)  includes lots of conspecifics. 
D)  includes several visual barriers. 
A)  avoids natural boundary markers. 
B)  includes good lookout points. 
C)  includes lots of conspecifics. 
D)  includes several visual barriers.

Question 18

A variation of the hawk-dove model includes the bourgeois strategy, one that sets rules for dealing with prior ownership: Play hawk if you had possession first; otherwise play dove. The bourgeois strategy is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  arbitrary asymmetry. 
B)  correlated asymmetry. 
C)  strategy within which a resource and resource holding potential are associated with one another. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  arbitrary asymmetry. 
B)  correlated asymmetry. 
C)  strategy within which a resource and resource holding potential are associated with one another. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 19

Northern harrier hawks (Circus cyaneus) are less aggressive at some times than they are at others toward territorial intruders that might steal food. This is most likely to happen when the territory owners

Accepted Answer

A)  are expanding their boundaries. 
B)  are nesting. 
C)  are out hunting. 
D)  have just eaten. 
A)  are expanding their boundaries. 
B)  are nesting. 
C)  are out hunting. 
D)  have just eaten.

Question 20

In a stable social group, the same two individuals are

Accepted Answer

A)  likely to encounter one another repeatedly, but unlikely to recognize one another as individuals. 
B)  likely to encounter one another repeatedly and are likely to fight nearly every time they meet. 
C)  likely to encounter one another repeatedly and will usually establish a predictable relationship between themselves. 
D)  unlikely to encounter one another with any consistency. 
A)  likely to encounter one another repeatedly, but unlikely to recognize one another as individuals. 
B)  likely to encounter one another repeatedly and are likely to fight nearly every time they meet. 
C)  likely to encounter one another repeatedly and will usually establish a predictable relationship between themselves. 
D)  unlikely to encounter one another with any consistency.

In a simple game-theory model of aggression called the hawk-dove game, which of the following strategies is NOT likely?

Subordinates within a group

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a hawk meets another hawk?

If you are the daughter of a high-ranking rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), you

If a conditional strategy, such as the "assessor strategy", is to be effective it is likely that

The ideal free distribution

To construct hypotheses about the evolution of conflict behavior, many researchers have turned to game theory because

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, under what circumstances might a pure hawk strategy be an ESS?

Patterns of glucocorticoids across dominant and subordinate animals

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a dove meets a hawk?

The entire area in which an animal lives is called a

An area that is defended from intruders is called a

Early ethologists tended to believe that

Which of the following would NOT be considered a cost of maintaining a territory?

An individual animal is most likely to be territorial when resources are

If you are trying to reduce the costs of maintaining a territory, you would probably select it so that it

A variation of the hawk-dove model includes the bourgeois strategy, one that sets rules for dealing with prior ownership: Play hawk if you had possession first; otherwise play dove. The bourgeois strategy is an example of a(n)

Northern harrier hawks (Circus cyaneus) are less aggressive at some times than they are at others toward territorial intruders that might steal food. This is most likely to happen when the territory owners

In a stable social group, the same two individuals are

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Learning and Cognition

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters

Exam 18: Conflict

In a simple game-theory model of aggression called the hawk-dove game, which of the following strategies is NOT likely?

Subordinates within a group

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a hawk meets another hawk?

If you are the daughter of a high-ranking rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), you

If a conditional strategy, such as the "assessor strategy", is to be effective it is likely that

The ideal free distribution

To construct hypotheses about the evolution of conflict behavior, many researchers have turned to game theory because

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, under what circumstances might a pure hawk strategy be an ESS?

Patterns of glucocorticoids across dominant and subordinate animals

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a dove meets a hawk?

The entire area in which an animal lives is called a

An area that is defended from intruders is called a

Early ethologists tended to believe that

Which of the following would NOT be considered a cost of maintaining a territory?

An individual animal is most likely to be territorial when resources are

If you are trying to reduce the costs of maintaining a territory, you would probably select it so that it

A variation of the hawk-dove model includes the bourgeois strategy, one that sets rules for dealing with prior ownership: Play hawk if you had possession first; otherwise play dove. The bourgeois strategy is an example of a(n)

Northern harrier hawks (Circus cyaneus) are less aggressive at some times than they are at others toward territorial intruders that might steal food. This is most likely to happen when the territory owners

In a stable social group, the same two individuals are

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Learning and Cognition

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters