Question 1

The difference in the terms "aggression" and "agonistic behavior" is that agonistic behavior

Accepted Answer

A)  describes only behavior that is intended to inflict harm on another organism. 
B)  includes behaviors on both sides of a conflict between conspecifics, both initiator and receiver. 
C)  usually includes interspecific interactions related to attacks by predators. 
D)  usually includes interspecific interactions related to responses to predators, such as fleeing. 
A)  describes only behavior that is intended to inflict harm on another organism. 
B)  includes behaviors on both sides of a conflict between conspecifics, both initiator and receiver. 
C)  usually includes interspecific interactions related to attacks by predators. 
D)  usually includes interspecific interactions related to responses to predators, such as fleeing.

Question 2

Dominant individuals

Accepted Answer

A)  are likely to reproduce more than subordinates. 
B)  may show increased glucocorticoid levels. 
C)  often get more food than lower ranking individuals. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  are likely to reproduce more than subordinates. 
B)  may show increased glucocorticoid levels. 
C)  often get more food than lower ranking individuals. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 3

Carpenter and colleagues (1983) describe the territorial behavior of a migrating rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) as it paused for five days in southern California during its southward migration. It ended up maximizing its weight gain during the rest period by

Accepted Answer

A)  enlarging its territory bit by bit over the course of each of the five days. 
B)  fiercely defending its territory as originally established on the first day. 
C)  first expanding its territory size over three days and then reducing it slightly over the next two. 
D)  reducing the size of its territory day by day for the five day period. 
A)  enlarging its territory bit by bit over the course of each of the five days. 
B)  fiercely defending its territory as originally established on the first day. 
C)  first expanding its territory size over three days and then reducing it slightly over the next two. 
D)  reducing the size of its territory day by day for the five day period.

Question 4

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a hawk meets a dove?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  V 
C)  (V-W)/2 
D)  (V/2)-D 
A)  0 
B)  V 
C)  (V-W)/2 
D)  (V/2)-D

Question 5

Dominance

Accepted Answer

A)  may take the form of despotism. 
B)  may take the form of a linear hierarchy. 
C)  refers to the ability of one animal to assert itself over others in acquiring access to a limited resource. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  may take the form of despotism. 
B)  may take the form of a linear hierarchy. 
C)  refers to the ability of one animal to assert itself over others in acquiring access to a limited resource. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 6

Marler and colleagues (1988, 1991, 1995) described research in which they implanted male spiny lizards (Scleroporus jarrovi) with testosterone-laden capsules in winter, a season during which testosterone levels are usually low. The implanted lizards

Accepted Answer

A)  became very aggressive. 
B)  failed to eat or rest enough and died sooner than other males. 
C)  spent a great deal of time in territorial defense and vigorous displays. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  became very aggressive. 
B)  failed to eat or rest enough and died sooner than other males. 
C)  spent a great deal of time in territorial defense and vigorous displays. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 7

Subordinates within a group

Accepted Answer

A)  may achieve a higher status in the future. 
B)  nearly always die of starvation. 
C)  will generally do better if they disperse from the group. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  may achieve a higher status in the future. 
B)  nearly always die of starvation. 
C)  will generally do better if they disperse from the group. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 8

In the basic hawk-dove model, we assume that

Accepted Answer

A)  all individuals have the same ability to fight. 
B)  contests are usually asymmetric. 
C)  rivals are rarely true equals. 
D)  the participants value the contested resource differently. 
A)  all individuals have the same ability to fight. 
B)  contests are usually asymmetric. 
C)  rivals are rarely true equals. 
D)  the participants value the contested resource differently.

Question 9

Toads (Bufo bufo) are especially willing to engage in energetic battles over females, probably because

Accepted Answer

A)  the cost of battle relative to the benefit of winning is high. 
B)  the cost of battle relative to the benefit of winning is low. 
C)  toads have serious weapons to use again species that prey upon them. 
D)  toads have serious weapons to use against their conspecifics. 
A)  the cost of battle relative to the benefit of winning is high. 
B)  the cost of battle relative to the benefit of winning is low. 
C)  toads have serious weapons to use again species that prey upon them. 
D)  toads have serious weapons to use against their conspecifics.

Question 10

Territories

Accepted Answer

A)  are, by definition, always worth defending. 
B)  are most valuable when they are small and compact. 
C)  are worth defending only when the benefits outweigh the costs. 
D)  become more valuable the larger they are. 
A)  are, by definition, always worth defending. 
B)  are most valuable when they are small and compact. 
C)  are worth defending only when the benefits outweigh the costs. 
D)  become more valuable the larger they are.

Question 11

In addition to testosterone, the neurotransmitter serotonin and the hormones called glucocorticoids are also involved in the expression of aggressive behavior. Summers and Winter (2006) have suggested that prior to the beginning of a fight, especially one between two lizards or two fish, the dominant animal tends to show

Accepted Answer

A)  high levels of both. 
B)  high levels of serotonin and low levels of glucocorticoids. 
C)  low levels of both. 
D)  low levels of serotonin and high levels of glucocorticoids. 
A)  high levels of both. 
B)  high levels of serotonin and low levels of glucocorticoids. 
C)  low levels of both. 
D)  low levels of serotonin and high levels of glucocorticoids.

Question 12

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a dove meets another dove?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  V 
C)  (V-W)/2 
D)  (V/2)-D 
A)  0 
B)  V 
C)  (V-W)/2 
D)  (V/2)-D

Question 13

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, then the fact that male elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris and M. leonina) fight brutal and bloody battles for the right to mate

Accepted Answer

A)  supports the prediction of game theory that if V>W, a hawk strategy should prevail. 
B)  means that only a few dominant males can who defend harems of females perform all the matings. 
C)  fits with the finding that the fights among males are so strenuous that a male can usually be harem master for only a year or two before he dies. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  supports the prediction of game theory that if V>W, a hawk strategy should prevail. 
B)  means that only a few dominant males can who defend harems of females perform all the matings. 
C)  fits with the finding that the fights among males are so strenuous that a male can usually be harem master for only a year or two before he dies. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 14

In the numerical example given in the text, where the value of the resource (V)=30, the cost of being wounded (W)=60, and the cost of displaying (D)=5, the equilibrium proportion for hawks was calculated to be .57. This means that an ESS will be produced if

Accepted Answer

A)  57% of the individuals play hawk. 
B)  43% of the individuals play dove. 
C)  each individual plays hawk 57% of the time and dove 43% of the time. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  57% of the individuals play hawk. 
B)  43% of the individuals play dove. 
C)  each individual plays hawk 57% of the time and dove 43% of the time. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 15

Whitehouse (1997) set up fights between pairs of tiny spiders (Argyrodes antipodiana) that were matched for size. In each case, however, one of the two spiders had previously experienced a fight that it had won and the other had previously experienced a fight that it had lost. Whitehouse found that in 15 of the 17 pairs tested,

Accepted Answer

A)  spiders that had experience as losers defeated their size-matched opponents, thus, failing to support the "assessor strategy" hypothesis. 
B)  spiders that had experience as losers won because they had been matched with larger opponents earlier, leading them to underestimate their abilities. 
C)  spiders that had experience as winners defeated their size-matched opponents. 
D)  spiders that had experience as winners lost because they had been matched with smaller opponents earlier, leading them to overestimate their abilities. 
A)  spiders that had experience as losers defeated their size-matched opponents, thus, failing to support the "assessor strategy" hypothesis. 
B)  spiders that had experience as losers won because they had been matched with larger opponents earlier, leading them to underestimate their abilities. 
C)  spiders that had experience as winners defeated their size-matched opponents. 
D)  spiders that had experience as winners lost because they had been matched with smaller opponents earlier, leading them to overestimate their abilities.

Question 16

Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of agonistic behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  a submissive display by a subordinate 
B)  a territorial song 
C)  an alarm call in response to a predator 
D)  an overt fight between two group members 
A)  a submissive display by a subordinate 
B)  a territorial song 
C)  an alarm call in response to a predator 
D)  an overt fight between two group members

The difference in the terms "aggression" and "agonistic behavior" is that agonistic behavior

Dominant individuals

Carpenter and colleagues (1983) describe the territorial behavior of a migrating rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) as it paused for five days in southern California during its southward migration. It ended up maximizing its weight gain during the rest period by

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a hawk meets a dove?

Dominance

Marler and colleagues (1988, 1991, 1995) described research in which they implanted male spiny lizards (Scleroporus jarrovi) with testosterone-laden capsules in winter, a season during which testosterone levels are usually low. The implanted lizards

Subordinates within a group

In the basic hawk-dove model, we assume that

Toads (Bufo bufo) are especially willing to engage in energetic battles over females, probably because

Territories

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a dove meets another dove?

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, then the fact that male elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris and M. leonina) fight brutal and bloody battles for the right to mate

In the numerical example given in the text, where the value of the resource (V)=30, the cost of being wounded (W)=60, and the cost of displaying (D)=5, the equilibrium proportion for hawks was calculated to be .57. This means that an ESS will be produced if

Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of agonistic behavior?

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Learning and Cognition

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters

Exam 18: Conflict

The difference in the terms "aggression" and "agonistic behavior" is that agonistic behavior

Dominant individuals

Carpenter and colleagues (1983) describe the territorial behavior of a migrating rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) as it paused for five days in southern California during its southward migration. It ended up maximizing its weight gain during the rest period by

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a hawk meets a dove?

Dominance

Marler and colleagues (1988, 1991, 1995) described research in which they implanted male spiny lizards (Scleroporus jarrovi) with testosterone-laden capsules in winter, a season during which testosterone levels are usually low. The implanted lizards

Subordinates within a group

In the basic hawk-dove model, we assume that

Toads (Bufo bufo) are especially willing to engage in energetic battles over females, probably because

Territories

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, which of the following terms correctly represents the average payoff for an interaction in which a dove meets another dove?

If V=value of the resource, W=cost of being wounded, and D=cost of displaying, then the fact that male elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris and M. leonina) fight brutal and bloody battles for the right to mate

In the numerical example given in the text, where the value of the resource (V)=30, the cost of being wounded (W)=60, and the cost of displaying (D)=5, the equilibrium proportion for hawks was calculated to be .57. This means that an ESS will be produced if

Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of agonistic behavior?

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Learning and Cognition

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters