Question 1

Blinding enhances the validity of an experiment's design.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

A two-group posttest-only randomized experiment relies on groups being probabilistically equivalent.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Which best describes a two-group pretest-posttest design?

Accepted Answer

A)  Participants are assigned to either a treatment group or a no-treatment control group, with measures being taken for both groups after the intervention is administered to determine if they differ on the desired outcome. 
B)  Participants are assigned to a treatment group, with measures being taken for the group before and after the intervention is administered to determine if they differ on the desired outcome. 
C)  Participants are assigned to a treatment group, with measures being taken after the intervention is administered to determine if there is an effect on the desired outcome. 
D)  Participants are assigned to either a treatment group or a no-treatment control group, with measures being taken for both groups before and after the intervention is administered to determine if they differ on the desired outcome. 
A)  Participants are assigned to either a treatment group or a no-treatment control group, with measures being taken for both groups after the intervention is administered to determine if they differ on the desired outcome. 
B)  Participants are assigned to a treatment group, with measures being taken for the group before and after the intervention is administered to determine if they differ on the desired outcome. 
C)  Participants are assigned to a treatment group, with measures being taken after the intervention is administered to determine if there is an effect on the desired outcome. 
D)  Participants are assigned to either a treatment group or a no-treatment control group, with measures being taken for both groups before and after the intervention is administered to determine if they differ on the desired outcome. D

Question 4

The selection of a research design weighs heavily on multiple forms of validity, except for internal validity, which is a factor independent of design considerations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

In experimental design, subjects are assigned to one of two or more condition groups based on multiple criteria as selected by the investigator (e.g., subject demographics).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following would be considered a threat to statistical conclusion validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Biased sample regarding treatment 
B)  Nonreplicable events experienced by participants 
C)  Nonreplicable study/laboratory context 
D)  Limits to the reliability of interventions performed 
A)  Biased sample regarding treatment 
B)  Nonreplicable events experienced by participants 
C)  Nonreplicable study/laboratory context 
D)  Limits to the reliability of interventions performed

Question 7

A correlational study that is purely descriptive or observational, in which variables that are thought to be associated with one another are analyzed statistically, best describes:

Accepted Answer

A)  Quasi-experimental designs 
B)  Nonexperimental designs 
C)  Qualitative designs 
D)  Experimental designs 
A)  Quasi-experimental designs 
B)  Nonexperimental designs 
C)  Qualitative designs 
D)  Experimental designs

Question 8

Which best describes a no-treatment control group?

Accepted Answer

A)  A control condition group in which a group of individuals receive a placebo 
B)  A control condition group in which a group of individuals have independently withdrawn from or have been deliberately withdrawn from treatment for purposes of the study 
C)  A control condition group in which a group of individuals receive what is considered to be the usual standard of care for their particular impairment 
D)  A control condition group in which a group of individuals are put on a wait list and then receive the treatment a period of time after the treatment group has already received the treatment 
A)  A control condition group in which a group of individuals receive a placebo 
B)  A control condition group in which a group of individuals have independently withdrawn from or have been deliberately withdrawn from treatment for purposes of the study 
C)  A control condition group in which a group of individuals receive what is considered to be the usual standard of care for their particular impairment 
D)  A control condition group in which a group of individuals are put on a wait list and then receive the treatment a period of time after the treatment group has already received the treatment

Question 9

Construct validity includes the degree to which a construct is operationalized in psychometric research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Phenomenology is:

Accepted Answer

A)  A method of investigation in which an individual's significant subjective experience is described through first-person narrative, without reference to theory or knowledge from other discipline perspectives 
B)  A method of investigation that examines the societal and cultural context that shapes meaning and behavior for a cultural group 
C)  A study that examines the effects of an intervention on a single individual over time with no control 
D)  A theoretical understanding of a phenomenon by extracting meaning from social interactions 
A)  A method of investigation in which an individual's significant subjective experience is described through first-person narrative, without reference to theory or knowledge from other discipline perspectives 
B)  A method of investigation that examines the societal and cultural context that shapes meaning and behavior for a cultural group 
C)  A study that examines the effects of an intervention on a single individual over time with no control 
D)  A theoretical understanding of a phenomenon by extracting meaning from social interactions

Question 11

In comparison to an experimental design, quasi-experimental designs have an additional threat to validity through introducing the risk of producing:

Accepted Answer

A)  Selection biases 
B)  Interaction effects 
C)  Effect size 
D)  Expectancy effects 
A)  Selection biases 
B)  Interaction effects 
C)  Effect size 
D)  Expectancy effects

Question 12

Which of the following would not be included as a threat to construct validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Expectancy effects 
B)  Interaction effects 
C)  Maturation 
D)  Testing anxiety 
A)  Expectancy effects 
B)  Interaction effects 
C)  Maturation 
D)  Testing anxiety

Question 13

Which of the following would not be included as a measure of statistical conclusion validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proposition significance 
B)  Statistical power 
C)  Effect size 
D)  Statistical significance 
A)  Proposition significance 
B)  Statistical power 
C)  Effect size 
D)  Statistical significance

Question 14

Research design refers to the guidelines and procedures outlined for conducting a study and thereby addressing a research question.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which of the following would be considered a threat to internal validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Selection bias 
B)  Statistical power 
C)  Effect size 
D)  Improper use of statistical tests 
A)  Selection bias 
B)  Statistical power 
C)  Effect size 
D)  Improper use of statistical tests

Exam 12: Selecting the Research Method

Blinding enhances the validity of an experiment's design.

A two-group posttest-only randomized experiment relies on groups being probabilistically equivalent.

Which best describes a two-group pretest-posttest design?

The selection of a research design weighs heavily on multiple forms of validity, except for internal validity, which is a factor independent of design considerations.

In experimental design, subjects are assigned to one of two or more condition groups based on multiple criteria as selected by the investigator (e.g., subject demographics).

Which of the following would be considered a threat to statistical conclusion validity?

A correlational study that is purely descriptive or observational, in which variables that are thought to be associated with one another are analyzed statistically, best describes:

Which best describes a no-treatment control group?

Construct validity includes the degree to which a construct is operationalized in psychometric research.

Phenomenology is:

In comparison to an experimental design, quasi-experimental designs have an additional threat to validity through introducing the risk of producing:

Which of the following would not be included as a threat to construct validity?

Which of the following would not be included as a measure of statistical conclusion validity?

Research design refers to the guidelines and procedures outlined for conducting a study and thereby addressing a research question.

Which of the following would be considered a threat to internal validity?

Occupational Therapy As an Evidence-Based Practice Profession

Classifications and Aims of Research

Philosophical Foundations of Research

Reading and Understanding Published and Presented Research

Critically Appraising and Classifying Published and Presented Research

Managing Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice: An International Imperative

Professional Responsibility and Roles in Research

The Role of Theory in Occupational Therapy

Steps in the Research Process and Characteristics of Sound Research

Conducting a Literature Review

Generating Research Questions and Defining Specific Aims and Hypotheses

Writing the Research Proposal

Ensuring Ethical Research

Securing Samples and Performance Sites

Design Considerations in Qualitative Research

Collecting Qualitative Data

Contemporary Tools for Managing and Analyzing Qualitative Data

Qualitative Approaches to Interpreting and Reporting Data

Quantitative Research Designs: Defining Variables and Their Relationships With One Another

Developing and Evaluating Quantitative Data Collection Instruments

Collecting Quantitative Data

Entering, Storing, and Managing Data

Deciding on an Approach to Data Analysis

Meta-Analysis

Single-Subject Research

Survey Research

Needs Assessment Research

Program Evaluation Research

Participatory Research Approaches

Writing a Literature Review

Disseminating Research: Presenting, Writing, and Publishing

Writing a Grant Proposal

Using Mixed-Methods Designs to Study Therapy and Its Outcomes

Creating Outcomes Research for Evidence-Based Practice

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