Exam 1: Crisis in Criminal Justice Policy

In a __________ model of corrections, all sentences are flat or determinate.

Inmates often believed that they must __________ in order to have someone pay attention to their needs and bring about change.

The effectiveness of America's criminal justice policies were called into question starting in the 1960s, mainly because of ___________?

Briefly describe the Progressives' agenda or beliefs about American corrections. That is, how did these individuals feel individuals' should be corrected in the criminal justice system?

In practice, the ascendancy of rehabilitation meant that the components of the criminal justice system were now organized to __________ offenders. However, close observers of our correctional system would recognize that this was more myth than reality.

Briefly explain the conservatives' and liberals' views on determinate sentencing. Did they support this sentencing scheme for the same reasons? Why or why not?

Discuss in detail the false appeal of determinate sentencing. In your answer, be sure to explain why determinate sentencing sounds appealing on the surface, but why, in the end, Cullen and Gilbert argue we should reaffirm rehabilitation.

Historian David Rothman noted that a look to our past clearly reveals that "__________" far more often than "__________" has/have controlled the daily workings of our correctional process.

Explain in detail the era of inmate uprisings and social upheaval during the 1960s. In your answer, be sure to address the following: (1) inmate insurrections in general, and more specifically, the uprising at Attica; (2) why the uprising at Attica was so significant; (3) what the Attica uprising stood for in American history and the shift that occurred in corrections after this upheaval occurred.

Under indeterminate sentencing, who determined release for each inmate?

Briefly explain how the conservatives felt about rehabilitation as America moved into the 1970s.

Why was the climate ripe in the 1960s for a rash of inmate disturbances? In other words, what type of social circumstances prevailed in America during this time that allowed for the inmates' pent-up frustrations and hostility to break through traditional constraints and turn into a series of uprisings?

Americans in the first half of the 1970s were faced with the prospect of an intractable crime rate and confronted with the reality that their prisons were both inhumane and grossly ineffective-what guiding correctional philosophy at the time would take the blame for this troubling state of affairs?

According to Cullen and Gilbert, why should we not reject the rehabilitative ideal?

An inmate insurrection at __________ sparked the public's consciousness and became a powerful symbol that our nation's prisons were both inhumane and ineffective.

Briefly explain how the liberals felt about rehabilitation as America moved into the 1970s.

In the late 1800s into the early 1900s, __________ urged that the state's response to a criminal should not depend on the nature or seriousness of the crime committed but on the nature of the criminal's condition and on how quickly this can be cured.

In determinate sentencing, the __________ formulates a code that, based on the seriousness of each offense, prescribes precisely how much each act should be punished.

Briefly explain the main tenets of the liberal justice model.

Indeterminate sentencing was related to the emergence of new ideas on how to achieve an offender's reformation. Within this sentencing philosophy was the idea that treatment of criminals should be based on __________.