Question 1

What is the primary criticism against the strength theory of gender roles?

Accepted Answer

A)  Women in some societies do engage in very heavy labor. 
B)  Pound-for-pound, men and women do not significantly differ in strength. 
C)  Hunting and warfare require skilled use of tools and stealth, not physical strength. 
D)  When the pressures of childbearing are considered, women are actually stronger than men. 
A)  Women in some societies do engage in very heavy labor. 
B)  Pound-for-pound, men and women do not significantly differ in strength. 
C)  Hunting and warfare require skilled use of tools and stealth, not physical strength. 
D)  When the pressures of childbearing are considered, women are actually stronger than men. A

Question 2

How do gender concepts vary cross-culturally? Describe at least two examples of cases in which a culture recognizes a third gender beyond the male/female dichotomy recognized in the United States. What is the accepted role of these individuals in their societies?

Accepted Answer

The ideal answer should include:
1. Clear definition of the difference between sex and gender
2. Descriptions of xaniths, hijras, two-spirits, or other transgender identities

Question 3

Evaluate the four theories put forth in the text explaining the cross-cultural gender division in labor. Which of these theories do you feel has the strongest position? Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

The ideal answer should include:
1. Brief definition of strength theory, expendability theory, compatibility-with-child-care theory, and economy-of-effort theory
2. Student should support his or her position with factual examples taken from the text or classroom discussion

Question 4

Researchers have shown a link between the hormone __________ and aggression in animal experiments.

Accepted Answer

A)  androgen 
B)  estrogen 
C)  oxytocin 
D)  vasopressin 
A)  androgen 
B)  estrogen 
C)  oxytocin 
D)  vasopressin

Question 5

Variation in gender contribution to primary subsistence relates directly to the type of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  food-getting 
B)  warfare 
C)  social stratification 
D)  gender roles 
A)  food-getting 
B)  warfare 
C)  social stratification 
D)  gender roles

Question 6

The idea that women are kept out of warfare because their potential fertility is more important to the group than their potential as warriors is consistent with the __________ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  expendability 
B)  economy-of-effort 
C)  compatibility-with-child-care 
D)  strength 
A)  expendability 
B)  economy-of-effort 
C)  compatibility-with-child-care 
D)  strength

Question 7

How do we define status when discussing relative status of men and women? Discuss the use of this term, and the difficulties in comparing status cross-culturally.

Accepted Answer

The ideal answer should include:
1. Disc

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a primary subsistence activity?

Accepted Answer

A)  gathering plants 
B)  grinding corn 
C)  preserving meat 
D)  cooking a meal 
A)  gathering plants 
B)  grinding corn 
C)  preserving meat 
D)  cooking a meal

Question 9

Why does greater restrictiveness towards premarital sex tend to occur in more complex societies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Controlling mating is a way of controlling property in these societies. 
B)  More complex societies have more strict religious codes of behavior. 
C)  Only complex societies have formal social unions we call marriage. 
D)  There is no way to deal with a child born out of wedlock in these societies. 
A)  Controlling mating is a way of controlling property in these societies. 
B)  More complex societies have more strict religious codes of behavior. 
C)  Only complex societies have formal social unions we call marriage. 
D)  There is no way to deal with a child born out of wedlock in these societies.

Question 10

How do the Chipewyan women combine hunting with the restrictions of child care?

Accepted Answer

A)  They avoid hunting moose after their fourth or fifth month of pregnancy. 
B)  Only unmarried women hunt. 
C)  They hunt only small animals, like birds and rabbits, while breast-feeding. 
D)  Only post-menopausal women join in the hunts. 
A)  They avoid hunting moose after their fourth or fifth month of pregnancy. 
B)  Only unmarried women hunt. 
C)  They hunt only small animals, like birds and rabbits, while breast-feeding. 
D)  Only post-menopausal women join in the hunts.

Question 11

One sex difference that appears very early in American children, as well as in children in all societies for which systematic data is available, is greater __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  aggressiveness in boys 
B)  sociability in girls 
C)  responsibility in boys 
D)  aggressiveness in girls 
A)  aggressiveness in boys 
B)  sociability in girls 
C)  responsibility in boys 
D)  aggressiveness in girls

Question 12

What type of subtle socialization might account for the observation that girls often show more responsible and nurturant behavior than boys?

Accepted Answer

A)  Girls are almost always asked to do more work than boys. 
B)  Boys are encouraged to be irresponsible and wasteful with their toys. 
C)  Girls are told from an early age that they must be responsible. 
D)  Boys are given more difficult chores than girls. 
A)  Girls are almost always asked to do more work than boys. 
B)  Boys are encouraged to be irresponsible and wasteful with their toys. 
C)  Girls are told from an early age that they must be responsible. 
D)  Boys are given more difficult chores than girls.

Question 13

In a study of the Kayapo, which women were found to have less influence in community decision-making?

Accepted Answer

A)  those with heavy child-care burdens 
B)  women of low-ranking clans 
C)  barren and post-menopausal women 
D)  mothers of shaman 
A)  those with heavy child-care burdens 
B)  women of low-ranking clans 
C)  barren and post-menopausal women 
D)  mothers of shaman

Question 14

How is gender assigned in the United States?

Accepted Answer

A)  by external biological attributes 
B)  based on parental preference 
C)  by newborn behavioral traits 
D)  based on hormone levels 
A)  by external biological attributes 
B)  based on parental preference 
C)  by newborn behavioral traits 
D)  based on hormone levels

Question 15

Cross-cultural studies show that which of the following factors is related to higher status for women in many areas of life?

Accepted Answer

A)  kin groups and marital residence organized around women 
B)  lower dependence on hunting for calories 
C)  the presence of religions with many female deities or a female high god 
D)  being a member of an intensive agriculture society 
A)  kin groups and marital residence organized around women 
B)  lower dependence on hunting for calories 
C)  the presence of religions with many female deities or a female high god 
D)  being a member of an intensive agriculture society

Question 16

In contrast to men, women tend to devote all their earnings from economic development to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  household expenditures 
B)  savings 
C)  status symbols 
D)  community development 
A)  household expenditures 
B)  savings 
C)  status symbols 
D)  community development

Question 17

What did Patricia Draper find among the women of settled !Kung groups?

Accepted Answer

A)  The women no longer engaged in long-distance foraging and lost much of their former influence in decision-making. 
B)  The women began actively limiting their fertility and lost much of their former influence in decision-making. 
C)  The women no longer engaged in long-distance foraging, which allowed time for a greater involvement in decision-making. 
D)  The women began actively limiting their fertility, which allowed time for a greater involvement in decision-making. 
A)  The women no longer engaged in long-distance foraging and lost much of their former influence in decision-making. 
B)  The women began actively limiting their fertility and lost much of their former influence in decision-making. 
C)  The women no longer engaged in long-distance foraging, which allowed time for a greater involvement in decision-making. 
D)  The women began actively limiting their fertility, which allowed time for a greater involvement in decision-making.

Question 18

In societies where women earn wages, __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  women are still responsible for the bulk of the housework and child care 
B)  they are paid a higher rate per hour than men 
C)  men take on the majority of the child care and household responsibilities 
D)  they spend more hours at work per week than men 
A)  women are still responsible for the bulk of the housework and child care 
B)  they are paid a higher rate per hour than men 
C)  men take on the majority of the child care and household responsibilities 
D)  they spend more hours at work per week than men

Question 19

Why do men dominate the political sphere of life across all societies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decision-making about war is the most important kind of politics, and men have the most experience with warfare. 
B)  Achieving a political position in most societies requires ambition, aggression, and strength-traits that are more pronounced in men than in women. 
C)  Because of the hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and lactation, women are too emotional to make level-headed political decisions. 
D)  Political life is closely associated with spirituality, and most cultures believe women to be too unclean for such high callings. 
A)  Decision-making about war is the most important kind of politics, and men have the most experience with warfare. 
B)  Achieving a political position in most societies requires ambition, aggression, and strength-traits that are more pronounced in men than in women. 
C)  Because of the hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and lactation, women are too emotional to make level-headed political decisions. 
D)  Political life is closely associated with spirituality, and most cultures believe women to be too unclean for such high callings.

Question 20

A gender role involves __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the way societies assign or divide labor by gender 
B)  the beliefs and attitudes particular to one gender or another 
C)  ascetic ideas about the way a man or woman should look 
D)  differential access to resources and power based on gender 
A)  the way societies assign or divide labor by gender 
B)  the beliefs and attitudes particular to one gender or another 
C)  ascetic ideas about the way a man or woman should look 
D)  differential access to resources and power based on gender

What is the primary criticism against the strength theory of gender roles?

How do gender concepts vary cross-culturally? Describe at least two examples of cases in which a culture recognizes a third gender beyond the male/female dichotomy recognized in the United States. What is the accepted role of these individuals in their societies?

Evaluate the four theories put forth in the text explaining the cross-cultural gender division in labor. Which of these theories do you feel has the strongest position? Explain your answer.

Researchers have shown a link between the hormone __________ and aggression in animal experiments.

Variation in gender contribution to primary subsistence relates directly to the type of __________.

The idea that women are kept out of warfare because their potential fertility is more important to the group than their potential as warriors is consistent with the __________ theory.

How do we define status when discussing relative status of men and women? Discuss the use of this term, and the difficulties in comparing status cross-culturally.

Which of the following is an example of a primary subsistence activity?

Why does greater restrictiveness towards premarital sex tend to occur in more complex societies?

How do the Chipewyan women combine hunting with the restrictions of child care?

One sex difference that appears very early in American children, as well as in children in all societies for which systematic data is available, is greater __________.

What type of subtle socialization might account for the observation that girls often show more responsible and nurturant behavior than boys?

In a study of the Kayapo, which women were found to have less influence in community decision-making?

How is gender assigned in the United States?

Cross-cultural studies show that which of the following factors is related to higher status for women in many areas of life?

In contrast to men, women tend to devote all their earnings from economic development to __________.

What did Patricia Draper find among the women of settled !Kung groups?

In societies where women earn wages, __________.

Why do men dominate the political sphere of life across all societies?

A gender role involves __________.

What Is Anthropology

Culture and Culture Change

Culture and the Individual

Understanding and Explaining Culture

Communication and Language

Getting Food

Economic Systems

Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism

Marriage and the Family

Marital Residence and Kinship

Associations and Interest Groups

Political Life: Social Order and Disorder

Religion and Magic

The Arts

Practicing and Applying Anthropology

Health and Illness

Global Problems

Filters

Exam 9: Sex and Gender

What is the primary criticism against the strength theory of gender roles?

How do gender concepts vary cross-culturally? Describe at least two examples of cases in which a culture recognizes a third gender beyond the male/female dichotomy recognized in the United States. What is the accepted role of these individuals in their societies?

Evaluate the four theories put forth in the text explaining the cross-cultural gender division in labor. Which of these theories do you feel has the strongest position? Explain your answer.

Researchers have shown a link between the hormone __________ and aggression in animal experiments.

Variation in gender contribution to primary subsistence relates directly to the type of __________.

The idea that women are kept out of warfare because their potential fertility is more important to the group than their potential as warriors is consistent with the __________ theory.

How do we define status when discussing relative status of men and women? Discuss the use of this term, and the difficulties in comparing status cross-culturally.

Which of the following is an example of a primary subsistence activity?

Why does greater restrictiveness towards premarital sex tend to occur in more complex societies?

How do the Chipewyan women combine hunting with the restrictions of child care?

One sex difference that appears very early in American children, as well as in children in all societies for which systematic data is available, is greater __________.

What type of subtle socialization might account for the observation that girls often show more responsible and nurturant behavior than boys?

In a study of the Kayapo, which women were found to have less influence in community decision-making?

How is gender assigned in the United States?

Cross-cultural studies show that which of the following factors is related to higher status for women in many areas of life?

In contrast to men, women tend to devote all their earnings from economic development to __________.

What did Patricia Draper find among the women of settled !Kung groups?

In societies where women earn wages, __________.

Why do men dominate the political sphere of life across all societies?

A gender role involves __________.

What Is Anthropology

Culture and Culture Change

Culture and the Individual

Understanding and Explaining Culture

Communication and Language

Getting Food

Economic Systems

Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism

Marriage and the Family

Marital Residence and Kinship

Associations and Interest Groups

Political Life: Social Order and Disorder

Religion and Magic

The Arts

Practicing and Applying Anthropology

Health and Illness

Global Problems

Filters