Question 1

Is adolescent rebellion a cultural universal? Discuss the evidence supporting or refuting this idea.

Accepted Answer

The ideal answer should include: 1. Mead's observations of Samoan adolescent girls
2. Freeman's critique of Mead's conclusions 
3. Schlegel and Barry's argument for the influence of residency patterns

Question 2

Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies 
B)  an indication that parents are too busy foraging for food to play with their kids 
C)  a sign of bad parenting by uneducated adults 
D)  a more adaptive alternative to beating their children 
A)  a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies 
B)  an indication that parents are too busy foraging for food to play with their kids 
C)  a sign of bad parenting by uneducated adults 
D)  a more adaptive alternative to beating their children A

Question 3

How do parents differ in their wishes for what qualities they would like their children to possess?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parents in more urban societies hope their children will have independence and self-reliance. 
B)  Parents in more rural societies hope their children will focus on the family and community. 
C)  Parents in more urban societies hope their children will focus on the family and community. 
D)  Parents in more rural societies hope their children will have independence and self-reliance. 
A)  Parents in more urban societies hope their children will have independence and self-reliance. 
B)  Parents in more rural societies hope their children will focus on the family and community. 
C)  Parents in more urban societies hope their children will focus on the family and community. 
D)  Parents in more rural societies hope their children will have independence and self-reliance. A

Question 4

__________, such as family organization and subsistence techniques, give rise to certain personality characteristics, while __________, such as art and religion, reflect the motives, conflicts, and anxieties of a society.

Accepted Answer

A)  Primary institutions; secondary institutions 
B)  Secondary institutions; primary institutions 
C)  Cultural characteristics; psychotic characteristics 
D)  Formal institutions; informal institutions 
A)  Primary institutions; secondary institutions 
B)  Secondary institutions; primary institutions 
C)  Cultural characteristics; psychotic characteristics 
D)  Formal institutions; informal institutions

Question 5

Which of the following is a probable human universal?

Accepted Answer

A)  the ability to make binary contrasts 
B)  a belief in an afterlife 
C)  encouraging independence 
D)  a close relationship between siblings 
A)  the ability to make binary contrasts 
B)  a belief in an afterlife 
C)  encouraging independence 
D)  a close relationship between siblings

Question 6

Cross-cultural studies of childrearing habits have shown that compared to non-Western societies, American parents __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  are less likely to breast-feed on demand 
B)  spend more of the day carrying their babies with them 
C)  respond to babies' cries much more quickly 
D)  are more apt to co-sleep with their babies at night 
A)  are less likely to breast-feed on demand 
B)  spend more of the day carrying their babies with them 
C)  respond to babies' cries much more quickly 
D)  are more apt to co-sleep with their babies at night

Question 7

Clifford Geertz's research in Bali showed that the Balinese describe a person as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  having many different roles, like an actor playing parts 
B)  having one of a limited set of possible personality types 
C)  a unique, distinctive whole 
D)  a complex character influenced by family 
A)  having many different roles, like an actor playing parts 
B)  having one of a limited set of possible personality types 
C)  a unique, distinctive whole 
D)  a complex character influenced by family

Question 8

In his research on psychological development in the Tiv, Douglass Price-Williams found that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  there was no difference between Tiv and European children in understanding of conservation of earth, nuts, and numbers 
B)  even with natively familiar test materials, Tiv children never reached an understanding of conservation to match the European children 
C)  the Tiv children had a stronger understanding of conservation than European children when tested with earth, nuts, and numbers 
D)  the Tiv children reached an understanding of conservation at an earlier age than European children, regardless of the testing method 
A)  there was no difference between Tiv and European children in understanding of conservation of earth, nuts, and numbers 
B)  even with natively familiar test materials, Tiv children never reached an understanding of conservation to match the European children 
C)  the Tiv children had a stronger understanding of conservation than European children when tested with earth, nuts, and numbers 
D)  the Tiv children reached an understanding of conservation at an earlier age than European children, regardless of the testing method

Question 9

Parental encouragement of violence is associated cross-culturally with a society's involvement in __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  war 
B)  market economy 
C)  organized religion 
D)  agriculture 
A)  war 
B)  market economy 
C)  organized religion 
D)  agriculture

Question 10

In the United States, children whose parents are __________ are less likely to develop field independence than other children.

Accepted Answer

A)  very strict 
B)  playful 
C)  highly educated 
D)  negligent 
A)  very strict 
B)  playful 
C)  highly educated 
D)  negligent

Question 11

What does Beatrice Whiting describe as one of the most powerful socializing influences on children?

Accepted Answer

A)  their setting and the people within it 
B)  television, movies, and the Internet 
C)  diet, health, and activity levels 
D)  family structure and history 
A)  their setting and the people within it 
B)  television, movies, and the Internet 
C)  diet, health, and activity levels 
D)  family structure and history

Question 12

A comparative study of U.S. undergraduates and Liberian rice farmers found that the ability to classify items abstractly was influenced by __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the materials used in the test 
B)  what time of day people were tested 
C)  the language in which the test was given 
D)  the gender of the tester 
A)  the materials used in the test 
B)  what time of day people were tested 
C)  the language in which the test was given 
D)  the gender of the tester

Question 13

Why do anthropologists question results given by cross-cultural psychologists that indicate psychological development is delayed in many non-Western societies?

Accepted Answer

A)  The tests used are developed in the West using testing materials often unfamiliar to other cultures. 
B)  Cross-cultural psychology is basically flawed in its ability to measure differences. 
C)  Concepts such as conservation and formal operational thinking are not known in other cultures. 
D)  Cross-cultural psychology is a new, and therefore untested, field. 
A)  The tests used are developed in the West using testing materials often unfamiliar to other cultures. 
B)  Cross-cultural psychology is basically flawed in its ability to measure differences. 
C)  Concepts such as conservation and formal operational thinking are not known in other cultures. 
D)  Cross-cultural psychology is a new, and therefore untested, field.

Question 14

In what way do unconventional parenting styles bring about cultural change?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parenting styles do shift, but only relatively slowly. 
B)  Unconventional methods cannot change parenting styles, because the other methods work well. 
C)  Parenting styles swing back and forth from one generation to the next. 
D)  Parenting styles change rapidly and without reverting to previous methods. 
A)  Parenting styles do shift, but only relatively slowly. 
B)  Unconventional methods cannot change parenting styles, because the other methods work well. 
C)  Parenting styles swing back and forth from one generation to the next. 
D)  Parenting styles change rapidly and without reverting to previous methods.

Question 15

Whatever the reason for parental rejection, it is evident that children who are rejected __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  tend to reject their own children 
B)  are affectionate toward other people's children 
C)  are likely to remain childless as adults 
D)  become overprotective parents 
A)  tend to reject their own children 
B)  are affectionate toward other people's children 
C)  are likely to remain childless as adults 
D)  become overprotective parents

Question 16

Culturally patterned ideas about what kind of children parents want to raise and how they should treat their children are called __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ethnotheories 
B)  hypotheses 
C)  ideologies 
D)  philosophies 
A)  ethnotheories 
B)  hypotheses 
C)  ideologies 
D)  philosophies

Question 17

How does being held or carried frequently by their mothers affect the temperament of young children?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are more trusting and optimistic. 
B)  Compared to children who are held less frequently, they are clingy and dependent. 
C)  Unlike children who are held less frequently, they are bossy and demanding. 
D)  There is no clear effect of carrying a baby on the child's later temperament. 
A)  They are more trusting and optimistic. 
B)  Compared to children who are held less frequently, they are clingy and dependent. 
C)  Unlike children who are held less frequently, they are bossy and demanding. 
D)  There is no clear effect of carrying a baby on the child's later temperament.

Question 18

Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  agency 
B)  variation 
C)  socialization 
D)  independence 
A)  agency 
B)  variation 
C)  socialization 
D)  independence

Question 19

How does difference in schooling style affect the study of cross-cultural cognitive development? Give at least three examples of ways in which the style of schooling (not the subject) affect a child's temperament, cognitive ability, or psychological development.

Accepted Answer

The ideal answer should includ

Question 20

Which early-20th-century anthropologist studied Samoan adolescents, calling into question the assumption that adolescent psychological development was similar everywhere?

Accepted Answer

A)  Margaret Mead 
B)  Bronislaw Malinowski 
C)  Claude Levi-Strauss 
D)  Louis Leakey 
A)  Margaret Mead 
B)  Bronislaw Malinowski 
C)  Claude Levi-Strauss 
D)  Louis Leakey

Is adolescent rebellion a cultural universal? Discuss the evidence supporting or refuting this idea.

Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as __________.

How do parents differ in their wishes for what qualities they would like their children to possess?

, such as family organization and subsistence techniques, give rise to certain personality characteristics, while , such as art and religion, reflect the motives, conflicts, and anxieties of a society.

Which of the following is a probable human universal?

Cross-cultural studies of childrearing habits have shown that compared to non-Western societies, American parents __________.

Clifford Geertz's research in Bali showed that the Balinese describe a person as __________.

In his research on psychological development in the Tiv, Douglass Price-Williams found that __________.

Parental encouragement of violence is associated cross-culturally with a society's involvement in __________.

In the United States, children whose parents are __________ are less likely to develop field independence than other children.

What does Beatrice Whiting describe as one of the most powerful socializing influences on children?

A comparative study of U.S. undergraduates and Liberian rice farmers found that the ability to classify items abstractly was influenced by __________.

Why do anthropologists question results given by cross-cultural psychologists that indicate psychological development is delayed in many non-Western societies?

In what way do unconventional parenting styles bring about cultural change?

Whatever the reason for parental rejection, it is evident that children who are rejected __________.

Culturally patterned ideas about what kind of children parents want to raise and how they should treat their children are called __________.

How does being held or carried frequently by their mothers affect the temperament of young children?

Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________.

How does difference in schooling style affect the study of cross-cultural cognitive development? Give at least three examples of ways in which the style of schooling (not the subject) affect a child's temperament, cognitive ability, or psychological development.

Which early-20th-century anthropologist studied Samoan adolescents, calling into question the assumption that adolescent psychological development was similar everywhere?

What Is Anthropology

Culture and Culture Change

Understanding and Explaining Culture

Communication and Language

Getting Food

Economic Systems

Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism

Sex and Gender

Marriage and the Family

Marital Residence and Kinship

Associations and Interest Groups

Political Life: Social Order and Disorder

Religion and Magic

The Arts

Practicing and Applying Anthropology

Health and Illness

Global Problems

Filters

Exam 3: Culture and the Individual

Is adolescent rebellion a cultural universal? Discuss the evidence supporting or refuting this idea.

Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as __________.

How do parents differ in their wishes for what qualities they would like their children to possess?

__________, such as family organization and subsistence techniques, give rise to certain personality characteristics, while __________, such as art and religion, reflect the motives, conflicts, and anxieties of a society.

Which of the following is a probable human universal?

Cross-cultural studies of childrearing habits have shown that compared to non-Western societies, American parents __________.

Clifford Geertz's research in Bali showed that the Balinese describe a person as __________.

In his research on psychological development in the Tiv, Douglass Price-Williams found that __________.

Parental encouragement of violence is associated cross-culturally with a society's involvement in __________.

In the United States, children whose parents are __________ are less likely to develop field independence than other children.

What does Beatrice Whiting describe as one of the most powerful socializing influences on children?

A comparative study of U.S. undergraduates and Liberian rice farmers found that the ability to classify items abstractly was influenced by __________.

Why do anthropologists question results given by cross-cultural psychologists that indicate psychological development is delayed in many non-Western societies?

In what way do unconventional parenting styles bring about cultural change?

Whatever the reason for parental rejection, it is evident that children who are rejected __________.

Culturally patterned ideas about what kind of children parents want to raise and how they should treat their children are called __________.

How does being held or carried frequently by their mothers affect the temperament of young children?

Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________.

How does difference in schooling style affect the study of cross-cultural cognitive development? Give at least three examples of ways in which the style of schooling (not the subject) affect a child's temperament, cognitive ability, or psychological development.

Which early-20th-century anthropologist studied Samoan adolescents, calling into question the assumption that adolescent psychological development was similar everywhere?

What Is Anthropology

Culture and Culture Change

Understanding and Explaining Culture

Communication and Language

Getting Food

Economic Systems

Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism

Sex and Gender

Marriage and the Family

Marital Residence and Kinship

Associations and Interest Groups

Political Life: Social Order and Disorder

Religion and Magic

The Arts

Practicing and Applying Anthropology

Health and Illness

Global Problems

Filters

, such as family organization and subsistence techniques, give rise to certain personality characteristics, while , such as art and religion, reflect the motives, conflicts, and anxieties of a society.