Question 1

The most widely discussed threat to the validity of longitudinal findings is

Accepted Answer

A)  biased sampling. 
B)  selective attrition. 
C)  practice effects. 
D)  cohort effects. 
A)  biased sampling. 
B)  selective attrition. 
C)  practice effects. 
D)  cohort effects.

Question 2

Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies

Accepted Answer

A)  can be threatened by cohort effects. 
B)  often rely on biased observation procedures. 
C)  can be threatened by selective attrition. 
D)  can be threatened by practice effects. 
A)  can be threatened by cohort effects. 
B)  often rely on biased observation procedures. 
C)  can be threatened by selective attrition. 
D)  can be threatened by practice effects.

Question 3

The two main designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  correlational; coefficient 
B)  correlational; experimental 
C)  dependent; independent 
D)  laboratory; field experiments 
A)  correlational; coefficient 
B)  correlational; experimental 
C)  dependent; independent 
D)  laboratory; field experiments

Question 4

Dr. Perry can increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across the treatment groups by

Accepted Answer

A)  carefully assigning the participants to the treatment groups according to their medical histories. 
B)  adding confounding variables to the experiment. 
C)  randomly assigning the participants to the treatment groups. 
D)  manipulating the dependent variable when exposing the participants to treatment conditions. 
A)  carefully assigning the participants to the treatment groups according to their medical histories. 
B)  adding confounding variables to the experiment. 
C)  randomly assigning the participants to the treatment groups. 
D)  manipulating the dependent variable when exposing the participants to treatment conditions.

Question 5

A major strength of the natural, or quasi-, experiment is that it permits

Accepted Answer

A)  study of relationships between variables. 
B)  inferences about cause-and-effect relationships. 
C)  generalization of experimental findings to the real world. 
D)  study of many real-world conditions that cannot be experimentally manipulated. 
A)  study of relationships between variables. 
B)  inferences about cause-and-effect relationships. 
C)  generalization of experimental findings to the real world. 
D)  study of many real-world conditions that cannot be experimentally manipulated.

Question 6

Which of the following is a major limitation of microgenetic research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Selective attrition often distorts developmental trends. 
B)  Practice effects can distort microgenetic findings. 
C)  Microgenetic studies often create ethical issues. 
D)  Cohort effects often limit the generalizability of findings. 
A)  Selective attrition often distorts developmental trends. 
B)  Practice effects can distort microgenetic findings. 
C)  Microgenetic studies often create ethical issues. 
D)  Cohort effects often limit the generalizability of findings.

Question 7

When little or no theory exists on a topic of interest, investigators may start with a

Accepted Answer

A)  research question. 
B)  developmental inquiry. 
C)  research design. 
D)  research method. 
A)  research question. 
B)  developmental inquiry. 
C)  research design. 
D)  research method.

Question 8

Which of the following is a limitation of the clinical, or case study, method?

Accepted Answer

A)  Investigators cannot assume that their conclusions apply, or generalize, to anyone other than the individual studied. 
B)  Information collected often lacks descriptive detail. 
C)  It does not provide evidence about the individual's current functioning. 
D)  It requires intensive study of participants' moment-by-moment behaviors. 
A)  Investigators cannot assume that their conclusions apply, or generalize, to anyone other than the individual studied. 
B)  Information collected often lacks descriptive detail. 
C)  It does not provide evidence about the individual's current functioning. 
D)  It requires intensive study of participants' moment-by-moment behaviors.

Question 9

__________ samples generally become more biased as the investigation proceeds because of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-sectional; practice effects 
B)  Microgenetic; cohort effects 
C)  Longitudinal; selective attrition 
D)  Cross-sectional; cohort effects 
A)  Cross-sectional; practice effects 
B)  Microgenetic; cohort effects 
C)  Longitudinal; selective attrition 
D)  Cross-sectional; cohort effects

Question 10

A researcher interested in children's beliefs about God begins each interview with the same question, but subsequent questions are determined by the child's individual answers. This is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A)  clinical interview. 
B)  data questionnaire. 
C)  structured interview. 
D)  case study. 
A)  clinical interview. 
B)  data questionnaire. 
C)  structured interview. 
D)  case study.

Question 11

Which of the following procedures can be used to determine the reliability of ethnographic and clinical studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Responses to the same measures can be compared on separate occasions. 
B)  Researchers can measure the quantitative scores yielded by these two methods. 
C)  Answers on different halves of the same measure can be compared by judges. 
D)  Judges can see if they agree with the researcher that the patterns and themes identified are grounded in evidence and are plausible. 
A)  Responses to the same measures can be compared on separate occasions. 
B)  Researchers can measure the quantitative scores yielded by these two methods. 
C)  Answers on different halves of the same measure can be compared by judges. 
D)  Judges can see if they agree with the researcher that the patterns and themes identified are grounded in evidence and are plausible.

Question 12

Which of the following is a major limitation of the clinical interview?

Accepted Answer

A)  Participants may make up answers that do not represent their actual thinking. 
B)  It does not provide much insight into participants' reasoning or ideas. 
C)  The questions are phrased the same for each participant, regardless of their comprehension. 
D)  It overestimates participants' intellectual capacities. 
A)  Participants may make up answers that do not represent their actual thinking. 
B)  It does not provide much insight into participants' reasoning or ideas. 
C)  The questions are phrased the same for each participant, regardless of their comprehension. 
D)  It overestimates participants' intellectual capacities.

Question 13

In __________, findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant.

Accepted Answer

A)  structured observation 
B)  a clinical interview 
C)  the clinical, or case study, method 
D)  naturalistic observation 
A)  structured observation 
B)  a clinical interview 
C)  the clinical, or case study, method 
D)  naturalistic observation

Question 14

Dr. Sums developed a test of mathematical ability. To measure __________, he split the test in two and compared children's responses on both halves.

Accepted Answer

A)  inter-rater reliability 
B)  test-retest reliability 
C)  internal validity 
D)  external validity 
A)  inter-rater reliability 
B)  test-retest reliability 
C)  internal validity 
D)  external validity

Question 15

In a longitudinal design,

Accepted Answer

A)  groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time. 
B)  participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older. 
C)  participants are presented with a novel task and researchers follow their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions. 
D)  the investigator conducts several sequences and makes cross-sectional comparisons. 
A)  groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time. 
B)  participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older. 
C)  participants are presented with a novel task and researchers follow their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions. 
D)  the investigator conducts several sequences and makes cross-sectional comparisons.

Question 16

__________ is used by review committees in colleges, universities, and other institutions to evaluate the ethics of research proposals.

Accepted Answer

A)  A protection-from-harm ratio 
B)  Reliability 
C)  A risks-versus-benefits ratio 
D)  Validity 
A)  A protection-from-harm ratio 
B)  Reliability 
C)  A risks-versus-benefits ratio 
D)  Validity

Question 17

Which of the following research methods is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  naturalistic observation 
B)  structured observation 
C)  ethnography 
D)  the clinical, or case study, method 
A)  naturalistic observation 
B)  structured observation 
C)  ethnography 
D)  the clinical, or case study, method

Question 18

Which of the following research methods permits inferences about cause-and-effect relationships?

Accepted Answer

A)  structured interview 
B)  naturalistic observation 
C)  experimental design 
D)  correlational study 
A)  structured interview 
B)  naturalistic observation 
C)  experimental design 
D)  correlational study

Question 19

Ms. Allan developed a test intended to measure eighth-grade children's knowledge of mathematics. Although children who took the new test twice received similar scores on both occasions, the test contained only multiplication problems. Ms. Allan's test has __________ reliability and __________ validity.

Accepted Answer

A)  high; low 
B)  low; low 
C)  high; high 
D)  low; high 
A)  high; low 
B)  low; low 
C)  high; high 
D)  low; high

Question 20

Dr. Story found that the children in two-parent homes had higher reading-test scores than those in one-parent homes. However, the children from two-parent homes had more siblings than those in one-parent homes. What is the confounding variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  number of siblings 
B)  reading test scores 
C)  type of reading test used 
D)  type of home 
A)  number of siblings 
B)  reading test scores 
C)  type of reading test used 
D)  type of home

The most widely discussed threat to the validity of longitudinal findings is

Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies

The two main designs used in all research on human behavior are and .

Dr. Perry can increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across the treatment groups by

A major strength of the natural, or quasi-, experiment is that it permits

Which of the following is a major limitation of microgenetic research?

When little or no theory exists on a topic of interest, investigators may start with a

Which of the following is a limitation of the clinical, or case study, method?

samples generally become more biased as the investigation proceeds because of .

A researcher interested in children's beliefs about God begins each interview with the same question, but subsequent questions are determined by the child's individual answers. This is an example of a

Which of the following procedures can be used to determine the reliability of ethnographic and clinical studies?

Which of the following is a major limitation of the clinical interview?

In __________, findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant.

Dr. Sums developed a test of mathematical ability. To measure __________, he split the test in two and compared children's responses on both halves.

In a longitudinal design,

__________ is used by review committees in colleges, universities, and other institutions to evaluate the ethics of research proposals.

Which of the following research methods is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

Which of the following research methods permits inferences about cause-and-effect relationships?

Ms. Allan developed a test intended to measure eighth-grade children's knowledge of mathematics. Although children who took the new test twice received similar scores on both occasions, the test contained only multiplication problems. Ms. Allan's test has reliability and validity.

Dr. Story found that the children in two-parent homes had higher reading-test scores than those in one-parent homes. However, the children from two-parent homes had more siblings than those in one-parent homes. What is the confounding variable?

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Self and Social Understanding

Moral Development

Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

Exam 2: Research Strategies

The most widely discussed threat to the validity of longitudinal findings is

Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies

The two main designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and __________.

Dr. Perry can increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across the treatment groups by

A major strength of the natural, or quasi-, experiment is that it permits

Which of the following is a major limitation of microgenetic research?

When little or no theory exists on a topic of interest, investigators may start with a

Which of the following is a limitation of the clinical, or case study, method?

__________ samples generally become more biased as the investigation proceeds because of __________.

A researcher interested in children's beliefs about God begins each interview with the same question, but subsequent questions are determined by the child's individual answers. This is an example of a

Which of the following procedures can be used to determine the reliability of ethnographic and clinical studies?

Which of the following is a major limitation of the clinical interview?

In __________, findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant.

Dr. Sums developed a test of mathematical ability. To measure __________, he split the test in two and compared children's responses on both halves.

In a longitudinal design,

__________ is used by review committees in colleges, universities, and other institutions to evaluate the ethics of research proposals.

Which of the following research methods is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

Which of the following research methods permits inferences about cause-and-effect relationships?

Dr. Story found that the children in two-parent homes had higher reading-test scores than those in one-parent homes. However, the children from two-parent homes had more siblings than those in one-parent homes. What is the confounding variable?

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Self and Social Understanding

Moral Development

Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

The two main designs used in all research on human behavior are and .

samples generally become more biased as the investigation proceeds because of .