Exam 6: Childhood and the Transition to Adulthood

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________ suggest that the longer we are exposed to negative environmental, social, or dietary factors, or alternatively, the more intense the exposure to those negative factors, the worse the health effects.

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C

According to attachment theory, the fetus responds to under-nutrition with permanent changes in physiology, metabolism, and structure.

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False

Canada is a world leader in research relating to child development yet provides among the least support for early childhood of any affluent country. Why might that be so? Why have repeated efforts at broadening access to and increasing the quality of child care proven to be so difficult in Canada?

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The answers will vary but should include references to Canada being a liberal regime state, the influence of neo-liberalism, and the divided nature of political authority in Canada (federal, provincial, municipal). This question is a general, opinion-seeking question, and not based on specific parts of the chapter.

Research shows that emotionally and intellectually impoverished early years may impair learning and social functioning over an individual's entire life, regardless of the quality of schooling received from kindergarten to grade 12. This is an example of ________.

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The LEAST critical factor determining the health of a newborn is his or her ________.

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According to attachment theory, ________.

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"Programming" in the context of early childhood development refers to ________.

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________ is the leading cause of death for teenagers in Canada.

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The risk of negative outcomes is lower for low-birth-weight children raised in poorer families than it is for children raised in more affluent ones

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The incidence of low birth weight shows a distinct social and economic gradient.

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Well-conducted experiments with Rhesus macaques show ________.

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Canada is a world leader in ensuring every child develops to his or her potential.

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The Barker hypothesis proposes that ________.

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According to the attachment theory, attachment failure is hypothesized to cause all of the following EXCEPT ________.

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Recent research proves that between fetal development and age seven, the brain literally shapes itself, determining which pathways to reinforce, which neurons to sustain, and which neurons to destroy. This process is called ________.

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________ places last in rates of children who participate in formal playgroups at early childhood development centres.

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The activity levels of individual genes and clusters of genes may be affected by ________.

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Studies have shown that northern European children typically have a worse relationship with their parents than North American ones.

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Environmental conditions in the womb, including nutrition, oxygen level, and maternal stress hormones, as well as living conditions shortly after birth, influence health over the person's life course through modifying gene expression.

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What is a critical developmental juncture? Provide an example.

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