Exam 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change.

Sociologists define social change as the alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time; such change is usually brought about by collective behavior and social movements.

When a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem, tension occurs in the system. This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of __________.

From the __________, people with similar attributes find a collectivity of like-minded persons with whom they can express their underlying personal tendencies.

In the __________ stage of a social movement, widespread unrest is present as people become aware of a problem. At this stage, leaders emerge to agitate others into taking action.

Developed by sociologist Neil Smelser, __________ theory is based on the assumption that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement.

The text identifies __________ as the most widely known resistance (regressive) movement.

The so-called New Age movement seeks some limited change in people's behavior. Therefore, the New Age movement is classified as a reform movement.

Sociologist Herbert Blumer developed a typology in which crowds are divided into four categories. Which of the following was not a crowd category identified by Blumer?

__________ theory is based on the assumption that participants in social movements are rational people. It also assumes that participants must have some degree of economic and political resources to make the movement a success.

To reinforce the existing generalized belief, an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur. This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of __________.

Define and summarize the conditions of the value-added theory.

The text observes that most sociological research on fashion has focused on __________.

In the 1960s, African American students and sympathetic whites used sit-ins to call attention to racial injustice and demanded social change. When these protests escalated into violent confrontations, these groups became __________ crowds.

In discussing rumors, the text points out several valid statements. Which of the following statements concerning rumors is not valid?

__________ crowds provide opportunities for the display of some strong emotion (such as joy, excitement, or grief). People release their pent-up emotions in conjunction with other persons experiencing similar emotions.

Based on an analysis of fifty-three U.S. social protest groups ranging from labor unions to peace movements between 1800 to 1945, sociologist William Gamson concluded that __________ strongly influence its chances of success.

Examples of __________ movements are groups organized since the 1950s to oppose school integration, civil rights and affirmative action legislation, and domestic partnership initiatives.

__________ is measured through polls and surveys, which use research methods such as interviews and questionnaires. It varies widely based on race/ethnicity, religion, region, social class, education level, sex/gender, and age.

__________ refer(s) to rumors about the personal lives of individuals.

__________ crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled event and thus share a common focus.