Exam 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change.

Summarize the different types of crowd behavior.

When social movements reach the institutionalization (bureaucratization) stage, the initial zeal and idealism of members may diminish as administrators take over management of the organization. Early grassroots supporters may become disillusioned and drop out.

In the __________ stage of a social movement, people begin to organize and to publicize the problem. At this stage, some movements become formally organized at local and regional levels.

Conventional crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled even and thus share a common focus.

People in a shopping mall or on a city bus are examples of _________ crowds.

Compare the relative deprivation theory and the value-added theory.

Similar to the organizational behavior found in corporations and voluntary associations (such as labor unions and environmental organizations), collective behavior also has an official division of labor, hierarchy of authority, and established rules and procedures.

When successful framing occurs, the individual's vague dissatisfactions are turned into well-defined grievances, and people are compelled to join the movement in an effort to reduce or eliminate those grievances.

Describe mass behavior.

Ethnocentrism emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s out of the feminist, peace, and ecology movements. It is based on the belief that patriarchy is a root cause of environmental problems.

__________ is voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant group norms and values.

A(n) __________ is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity.

People engaging in collective behavior may be divided into crowds and masses. A crowd is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity. By contrast, a mass is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity.

Scholar Gustave Le Bon asserted that emotions such as fear and hate are contagious in crowds because people experience an increase in personal responsibility; they will do things by themselves that they would never do as a collectivity.

Describe the key assumptions of the resource mobilization theory.

__________ can arise in response to events that people believe are beyond their control, such as a major disruption in the economy. Although they are relatively rare, they receive massive media coverage because they evoke strong feelings of fear in readers and viewers.

A __________ is defined as a currently valued manner of behavior, thinking, or appearance.

Examples of __________ include labor movements, animal rights movements, antinuclear movements, Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD), and the disability rights movement.

Describe the conditions for collective behavior.

__________ consists of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers.