Question 1

Explain the basic assumptions of Amsel's frustration theory and how the theory accounts for paradoxical reward effects.

Accepted Answer

The theory assumes that reducing or remo

Question 2

After Johnny has eaten ice cream, his mother asks him if he would like a glass of sweet tea. "No!" he says, "that would taste awful after ice cream." Johnny is anticipating

Accepted Answer

A)  a negative contrast. 
B)  an opponent process. 
C)  a positive contrast. 
D)  Pavlovian-instrumental transfer. 
A)  a negative contrast. 
B)  an opponent process. 
C)  a positive contrast. 
D)  Pavlovian-instrumental transfer.

Question 3

Why do psychologists assert that behavior is fundamentally goal-oriented?

Accepted Answer

The idea of "goal-oriented" behavior sug

Question 4

Which statement is not an assumption of Hull's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Motivation and learning are equally important in determining whether a behavior occurs. 
B)  The effect of Habit is the same regardless of Drive, and Drive effects are the same regardless of Habit. 
C)  Drive is a specific motivational state that activates or elicits need-specific behaviors. 
D)  The subject learns what to do when particular needs are aroused, rather than knowing innately that, for example, it is hungry and needs to forage. 
A)  Motivation and learning are equally important in determining whether a behavior occurs. 
B)  The effect of Habit is the same regardless of Drive, and Drive effects are the same regardless of Habit. 
C)  Drive is a specific motivational state that activates or elicits need-specific behaviors. 
D)  The subject learns what to do when particular needs are aroused, rather than knowing innately that, for example, it is hungry and needs to forage.

Question 5

Which occurrence is likely to result in a negative contrast effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sylvia is given a choice between helping to clean the house or doing yard work. 
B)  Ryan receives $40 for cutting the neighbors' grass and $20 for mowing his parent's lawn. 
C)  Hector's boss criticizes him when he makes mistakes and praises him when he performs his job correctly. 
D)  Christa learns that if she eats ice cream slowly she does not get a headache, but if she eats it too quickly she does. 
A)  Sylvia is given a choice between helping to clean the house or doing yard work. 
B)  Ryan receives $40 for cutting the neighbors' grass and $20 for mowing his parent's lawn. 
C)  Hector's boss criticizes him when he makes mistakes and praises him when he performs his job correctly. 
D)  Christa learns that if she eats ice cream slowly she does not get a headache, but if she eats it too quickly she does.

Question 6

Which individual is most likely to experience a general persistence or learned industriousness effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Matt, a player on a junior varsity soccer team, who learns that his excellent performance has earned him a place on the varsity team for the following season 
B)  Nick, who was required to repeat two grades in elementary school and who is now starting junior high school 
C)  Marcy, a straight-A student in high school who is taking a difficult Chinese language class for the first time in college 
D)  Kristen, who wins a college scholarship through a random drawing by her father's labor union 
A)  Matt, a player on a junior varsity soccer team, who learns that his excellent performance has earned him a place on the varsity team for the following season 
B)  Nick, who was required to repeat two grades in elementary school and who is now starting junior high school 
C)  Marcy, a straight-A student in high school who is taking a difficult Chinese language class for the first time in college 
D)  Kristen, who wins a college scholarship through a random drawing by her father's labor union

Question 7

You are told that you can get bitcoins by reviewing websites. That will motivate you to review websites only if

Accepted Answer

A)  bitcoins are not available anywhere else. 
B)  you know that bitcoins can be used to purchase other things. 
C)  you have never had bitcoins before. 
D)  you enjoy reviewing websites. 
A)  bitcoins are not available anywhere else. 
B)  you know that bitcoins can be used to purchase other things. 
C)  you have never had bitcoins before. 
D)  you enjoy reviewing websites.

Question 8

Which learning theorists did not assume that classically conditioned peripheral responses regulate instrumental behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Abram Amsel 
B)  E. John Capaldi 
C)  O. H. Mowrer 
D)  Kenneth Spence 
A)  Abram Amsel 
B)  E. John Capaldi 
C)  O. H. Mowrer 
D)  Kenneth Spence

Question 9

In which scenario should incentive learning occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  A rat receives pairings of a tone with a light which has previously signaled a tasty meal. 
B)  A lab pigeon that has always been fed grain is given meal worms for the first time as the reinforcer for pecking a key. 
C)  Prior to training in an operant chamber, a hungry rat is given sweetened condensed milk for the first time in its home cage. 
D)  A pigeon must peck a green key to get grain, because the red key is associated with no grain. 
A)  A rat receives pairings of a tone with a light which has previously signaled a tasty meal. 
B)  A lab pigeon that has always been fed grain is given meal worms for the first time as the reinforcer for pecking a key. 
C)  Prior to training in an operant chamber, a hungry rat is given sweetened condensed milk for the first time in its home cage. 
D)  A pigeon must peck a green key to get grain, because the red key is associated with no grain.

Question 10

Your cat has free access to his dull, dry, cat food in the utility room of your house. When you are in the kitchen, you often give your cat pieces of sliced deli turkey from the refrigerator. One day your hungry cat is walking to the utility room as you go into the kitchen and open the refrigerator. The cat meows and comes running into the kitchen. Analyze these behaviors in terms of theories of motivation constructs.

Accepted Answer

The cat was hungry and thus motivated by

Question 11

Eric is thirsty and goes to a vending machine on the third floor of the building he is in. After putting in his money and pressing the button, gets no soda. He then goes to the machine on the fourth floor. Given what we know about frustration, what is he likely to do to the machine when he inserts the money?

Accepted Answer

A)  Slowly press the button 
B)  Press the coin-return lever without pressing a button for a soda 
C)  Press the button very quickly and forcefully 
D)  Look for a candy bar instead of soda 
A)  Slowly press the button 
B)  Press the coin-return lever without pressing a button for a soda 
C)  Press the button very quickly and forcefully 
D)  Look for a candy bar instead of soda

Question 12

Describe one of the ways the drive for a drug may be acquired.

Accepted Answer

After repeated exposure to a d

Question 13

A negative contrast effect is said to occur when

Accepted Answer

A)  one stimulus is associated with a positive outcome and a second stimulus is associated with a negative outcome. 
B)  an occasion setter is progressively changed so that it becomes difficult to detect or differentiate. 
C)  the outcome is more than what the subject expected. 
D)  the outcome is less than what the subject expected. 
A)  one stimulus is associated with a positive outcome and a second stimulus is associated with a negative outcome. 
B)  an occasion setter is progressively changed so that it becomes difficult to detect or differentiate. 
C)  the outcome is more than what the subject expected. 
D)  the outcome is less than what the subject expected.

Question 14

A rat is made hungrier and it runs faster to the goal box to obtain yummy food. For another rat, a CS that predicts yummy food is turned on, and the rat runs faster to the goal box. Regarding the increase in running speed, the first rat was motivated by _______ and the second by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  hunger; hunger 
B)  drive; incentive 
C)  drive; frustration 
D)  acquired drive; incentive 
A)  hunger; hunger 
B)  drive; incentive 
C)  drive; frustration 
D)  acquired drive; incentive

Question 15

According to Hull, so long as there are habits in place, doubling the animal's drive should

Accepted Answer

A)  double its rate of learning. 
B)  double its rate of behavior. 
C)  halve its rate of behavior. 
D)  double both the rate of learning and behavior. 
A)  double its rate of learning. 
B)  double its rate of behavior. 
C)  halve its rate of behavior. 
D)  double both the rate of learning and behavior.

Question 16

Which statement about the b-process is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It can be described as a "slave process." 
B)  It is characterized by a sluggish onset and slow decay rate. 
C)  It is a homeostatic adjustment response. 
D)  It is stable and synchronizes over time with the emotional stimulus. 
A)  It can be described as a "slave process." 
B)  It is characterized by a sluggish onset and slow decay rate. 
C)  It is a homeostatic adjustment response. 
D)  It is stable and synchronizes over time with the emotional stimulus.

Question 17

Which individual would likely experience a positive contrast effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  A child who receives toys, treats, and attention from her grandmother regardless of what she does 
B)  A waitress who receives a 40 percent tip for serving a party of six at a business luncheon instead of the usual 15 percent that she receives from the usual customer 
C)  Sales staff in a car dealership who are told by the manager that they will earn a bonus of $1,000 for each car they sell over the monthly quota of 15 cars. 
D)  An employee who learns that in response to a company survey, her employer has decided to switch from a monthly payroll plan to a weekly payroll plan 
A)  A child who receives toys, treats, and attention from her grandmother regardless of what she does 
B)  A waitress who receives a 40 percent tip for serving a party of six at a business luncheon instead of the usual 15 percent that she receives from the usual customer 
C)  Sales staff in a car dealership who are told by the manager that they will earn a bonus of $1,000 for each car they sell over the monthly quota of 15 cars. 
D)  An employee who learns that in response to a company survey, her employer has decided to switch from a monthly payroll plan to a weekly payroll plan

Question 18

According to Hull's conception of the factors affecting performance, the strength of a behavior is determined by which formula?

Accepted Answer

A)  Drive F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Habit 
B)  Drive + Habit 
C)  Habit - Drive 
D)  Habit / Drive 
A)  Drive F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Habit 
B)  Drive + Habit 
C)  Habit - Drive 
D)  Habit / Drive

Question 19

Which statement is not one of the findings of research on incentives?

Accepted Answer

A)  As the cost of a meal increases, animals work for fewer meals but larger meals. 
B)  Newborns begin life as depletion-repletion feeders, but they quickly learn to anticipate meal schedules and nurse more when they anticipate a longer interval between meals. 
C)  When food is freely available and visibly present in their environment, children tend to reduce the amount they eat and snack less as they become less depleted. 
D)  Children are more likely to eat responsibly when they are taught to pay attention to internal rather than external cues associated with food. 
A)  As the cost of a meal increases, animals work for fewer meals but larger meals. 
B)  Newborns begin life as depletion-repletion feeders, but they quickly learn to anticipate meal schedules and nurse more when they anticipate a longer interval between meals. 
C)  When food is freely available and visibly present in their environment, children tend to reduce the amount they eat and snack less as they become less depleted. 
D)  Children are more likely to eat responsibly when they are taught to pay attention to internal rather than external cues associated with food.

Question 20

Which statement is not an assumption of Amsel's model of frustration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Frustration is instrumentally conditioned when a subject is nonrewarded. 
B)  With enough training, frustration becomes an occasion setter for the delivery of reward. 
C)  Nonreward is not frustrating unless the subject expects to be rewarded. 
D)  Frustration is a cognitive or emotional response that interferes with performance. 
A)  Frustration is instrumentally conditioned when a subject is nonrewarded. 
B)  With enough training, frustration becomes an occasion setter for the delivery of reward. 
C)  Nonreward is not frustrating unless the subject expects to be rewarded. 
D)  Frustration is a cognitive or emotional response that interferes with performance.

Explain the basic assumptions of Amsel's frustration theory and how the theory accounts for paradoxical reward effects.

After Johnny has eaten ice cream, his mother asks him if he would like a glass of sweet tea. "No!" he says, "that would taste awful after ice cream." Johnny is anticipating

Why do psychologists assert that behavior is fundamentally goal-oriented?

Which statement is not an assumption of Hull's theory?

Which occurrence is likely to result in a negative contrast effect?

Which individual is most likely to experience a general persistence or learned industriousness effect?

You are told that you can get bitcoins by reviewing websites. That will motivate you to review websites only if

Which learning theorists did not assume that classically conditioned peripheral responses regulate instrumental behavior?

In which scenario should incentive learning occur?

Describe one of the ways the drive for a drug may be acquired.

A negative contrast effect is said to occur when

A rat is made hungrier and it runs faster to the goal box to obtain yummy food. For another rat, a CS that predicts yummy food is turned on, and the rat runs faster to the goal box. Regarding the increase in running speed, the first rat was motivated by _ and the second by _.

According to Hull, so long as there are habits in place, doubling the animal's drive should

Which statement about the b-process is false?

Which individual would likely experience a positive contrast effect?

According to Hull's conception of the factors affecting performance, the strength of a behavior is determined by which formula?

Which statement is not one of the findings of research on incentives?

Which statement is not an assumption of Amsel's model of frustration?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 9: The Motivation of Instrumental Action

Explain the basic assumptions of Amsel's frustration theory and how the theory accounts for paradoxical reward effects.

After Johnny has eaten ice cream, his mother asks him if he would like a glass of sweet tea. "No!" he says, "that would taste awful after ice cream." Johnny is anticipating

Why do psychologists assert that behavior is fundamentally goal-oriented?

Which statement is not an assumption of Hull's theory?

Which occurrence is likely to result in a negative contrast effect?

Which individual is most likely to experience a general persistence or learned industriousness effect?

You are told that you can get bitcoins by reviewing websites. That will motivate you to review websites only if

Which learning theorists did not assume that classically conditioned peripheral responses regulate instrumental behavior?

In which scenario should incentive learning occur?

Describe one of the ways the drive for a drug may be acquired.

A negative contrast effect is said to occur when

A rat is made hungrier and it runs faster to the goal box to obtain yummy food. For another rat, a CS that predicts yummy food is turned on, and the rat runs faster to the goal box. Regarding the increase in running speed, the first rat was motivated by _______ and the second by _______.

According to Hull, so long as there are habits in place, doubling the animal's drive should

Which statement about the b-process is false?

Which individual would likely experience a positive contrast effect?

According to Hull's conception of the factors affecting performance, the strength of a behavior is determined by which formula?

Which statement is not one of the findings of research on incentives?

Which statement is not an assumption of Amsel's model of frustration?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

A rat is made hungrier and it runs faster to the goal box to obtain yummy food. For another rat, a CS that predicts yummy food is turned on, and the rat runs faster to the goal box. Regarding the increase in running speed, the first rat was motivated by _ and the second by _.