Question 1

Concurrent measurement studies involve measuring whether

Accepted Answer

A)  the strength of a classically conditioned peripheral response predicts the strength of an instrumental behavior. 
B)  the same event (e.g., nonreward) can be used to accurately predict two different outcomes (e.g., NR versus NN). 
C)  discrimination and generalization are sequential or simultaneously occurring phenomena. 
D)  aversive outcomes produce stronger and more rapid acquisition and retrieval effects than appetitive outcomes do. 
A)  the strength of a classically conditioned peripheral response predicts the strength of an instrumental behavior. 
B)  the same event (e.g., nonreward) can be used to accurately predict two different outcomes (e.g., NR versus NN). 
C)  discrimination and generalization are sequential or simultaneously occurring phenomena. 
D)  aversive outcomes produce stronger and more rapid acquisition and retrieval effects than appetitive outcomes do.

Question 2

A rat is trained to lever-press to avoid receiving a shock in an operant chamber. In the second phase of training, the rat receives a tone-shock and flashing light-food pairings in a wooden box. In the third phase, the rat is placed back in the operant chamber and the tone and flashing light are presented separately on different trials while the subject engages in avoidance responding. If classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and central states interact as Rescorla and Solomon propose, then the light should _______ avoidance responding and the tone should _______ avoidance responding.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase; decrease 
B)  decrease; increase 
C)  increase; increase 
D)  decrease; decrease 
A)  increase; decrease 
B)  decrease; increase 
C)  increase; increase 
D)  decrease; decrease

Question 3

Pavlovian-instrumental transfer studies involve training subjects on a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  classical contingency and then seeing if instrumental responding is maintained. 
B)  instrumental contingency and then seeing if reflexive responding is maintained. 
C)  classical and instrumental contingency in separate training phases, and then using the equivalent of summation test to assess responding. 
D)  classical or an instrumental contingency and then reversing that contingency in a second phase of training. 
A)  classical contingency and then seeing if instrumental responding is maintained. 
B)  instrumental contingency and then seeing if reflexive responding is maintained. 
C)  classical and instrumental contingency in separate training phases, and then using the equivalent of summation test to assess responding. 
D)  classical or an instrumental contingency and then reversing that contingency in a second phase of training.

Question 4

A positive contrast effect is said to occur when

Accepted Answer

A)  one stimulus is associated with a positive outcome and a second stimulus is associated with a negative outcome. 
B)  several different occasion setters all signal the same desirable outcome. 
C)  the outcome is more than what the subject expected or desired. 
D)  the outcome is less than what the subject expected or desired. 
A)  one stimulus is associated with a positive outcome and a second stimulus is associated with a negative outcome. 
B)  several different occasion setters all signal the same desirable outcome. 
C)  the outcome is more than what the subject expected or desired. 
D)  the outcome is less than what the subject expected or desired.

Question 5

Describe how you could reinforce your roommate for washing the dishes to make the behavior persistent. Justify the efficacy of your procedure based on theories of motivation.

Accepted Answer

The roommate should be put on a partial

Question 6

Every time Travis asks his mother for a cookie, he gets it. When she stops giving him cookies she can expect

Accepted Answer

A)  temper tantrums and rapid extinction. 
B)  temper tantrums and slow extinction. 
C)  slow extinction without tantrums. 
D)  slow extinction due to negative contrast. 
A)  temper tantrums and rapid extinction. 
B)  temper tantrums and slow extinction. 
C)  slow extinction without tantrums. 
D)  slow extinction due to negative contrast.

Question 7

Research on incentive effects have shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  baby animals instinctively know about the motivational effects of food, water/milk, and warmth. 
B)  we cannot alter the motivational effects of primary outcomes like food, water, sex, etc. 
C)  meal size increases as the time since the last meal increases. 
D)  motivation states likely set the occasion for incentive value. 
A)  baby animals instinctively know about the motivational effects of food, water/milk, and warmth. 
B)  we cannot alter the motivational effects of primary outcomes like food, water, sex, etc. 
C)  meal size increases as the time since the last meal increases. 
D)  motivation states likely set the occasion for incentive value.

Question 8

Sequential theory argues that a behavior will more likely be persistent if the subject experiences

Accepted Answer

A)  a regular or repeating pattern of reward and nonreward (e.g., NNRNNRNNR). 
B)  an irregular or random pattern of reward and nonreward (e.g., NNRNRNNNR). 
C)  extrinsic reinforcement after first being exposed to intrinsic reinforcement. 
D)  intrinsic reinforcement after first being exposed to extrinsic reinforcement. 
A)  a regular or repeating pattern of reward and nonreward (e.g., NNRNNRNNR). 
B)  an irregular or random pattern of reward and nonreward (e.g., NNRNRNNNR). 
C)  extrinsic reinforcement after first being exposed to intrinsic reinforcement. 
D)  intrinsic reinforcement after first being exposed to extrinsic reinforcement.

Question 9

Describe Hull's theory of motivation and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the theory in terms of its ability to explain the effects of drive on behavior.

Accepted Answer

Hull assumed that drive is a natural sta

Question 10

Incentive learning refers to a subject's

Accepted Answer

A)  knowledge of how vigorously to perform a behavior, depending on the incentive linked to the behavior. 
B)  knowledge of the reinforcer due to previous exposure. 
C)  development of an expectation about which incentives are signaled by a particular occasion setter. 
D)  development of different incentive preferences after being presented with multiple reinforcer options. 
A)  knowledge of how vigorously to perform a behavior, depending on the incentive linked to the behavior. 
B)  knowledge of the reinforcer due to previous exposure. 
C)  development of an expectation about which incentives are signaled by a particular occasion setter. 
D)  development of different incentive preferences after being presented with multiple reinforcer options.

Question 11

Effects such as conditioned compensatory responses

Accepted Answer

A)  are entirely consistent with the opponent process model. 
B)  fit the opponent process model if we assume the b-process can be elicited by Pavlovian cues. 
C)  are inconsistent with the opponent process model. 
D)  cannot serve as motivating forces. 
A)  are entirely consistent with the opponent process model. 
B)  fit the opponent process model if we assume the b-process can be elicited by Pavlovian cues. 
C)  are inconsistent with the opponent process model. 
D)  cannot serve as motivating forces.

Question 12

Which statement about incentive contrast effects is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The value of an outcome is relative to and dependent on the subject's expectations. 
B)  Incentive contrast effects can occur with primary and secondary reinforcers. 
C)  Incentive contrast effects require that the subject be exposed to different outcomes. 
D)  Children and animals, but not adults, show incentive contrast effects. 
A)  The value of an outcome is relative to and dependent on the subject's expectations. 
B)  Incentive contrast effects can occur with primary and secondary reinforcers. 
C)  Incentive contrast effects require that the subject be exposed to different outcomes. 
D)  Children and animals, but not adults, show incentive contrast effects.

Question 13

Which individual would likely experience a negative contrast effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  An airline pilot who must accept a 15 percent pay cut to help the airline avoid bankruptcy 
B)  A truck driver who is fired when his drug test comes back positive for narcotics 
C)  A bank teller who increases the number of times per week he is absent from work following a robbery 
D)  A college professor who must grade exams from four classes during exam week and submit all grades to the registrar 48 hours after the last exam 
A)  An airline pilot who must accept a 15 percent pay cut to help the airline avoid bankruptcy 
B)  A truck driver who is fired when his drug test comes back positive for narcotics 
C)  A bank teller who increases the number of times per week he is absent from work following a robbery 
D)  A college professor who must grade exams from four classes during exam week and submit all grades to the registrar 48 hours after the last exam

Question 14

Paradoxical reward effects refer to the finding that

Accepted Answer

A)  instrumental, but not classical, conditioning is influenced by reward features. 
B)  reward produces motivational, emotional, and behavioral side effects. 
C)  reward sometimes weakens instrumental responding, whereas nonreward sometimes strengthens it. 
D)  the value of a reward varies from one individual to the next and also varies within a given individual over time. 
A)  instrumental, but not classical, conditioning is influenced by reward features. 
B)  reward produces motivational, emotional, and behavioral side effects. 
C)  reward sometimes weakens instrumental responding, whereas nonreward sometimes strengthens it. 
D)  the value of a reward varies from one individual to the next and also varies within a given individual over time.

Question 15

Pavlovian CSs elicit CRs, which can interfere with, or complement, instrumental responding. Which statement about this observation is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  These are peripheral responses that are not related to Pavlovian-instrumental transfer. 
B)  These peripheral responses can make Pavlovian-instrumental transfer experiments difficult to interpret. 
C)  These responses can only obfuscate interpretation of the effects of excitors on Pavlovian-instrumental transfer. 
D)  These responses interfere with instrumental conditioning only when goal or sign tracking interferes with the instrumental response. 
A)  These are peripheral responses that are not related to Pavlovian-instrumental transfer. 
B)  These peripheral responses can make Pavlovian-instrumental transfer experiments difficult to interpret. 
C)  These responses can only obfuscate interpretation of the effects of excitors on Pavlovian-instrumental transfer. 
D)  These responses interfere with instrumental conditioning only when goal or sign tracking interferes with the instrumental response.

Question 16

Outcome specific PIT might work because, as Konorski proposed, a Pavlovian CS activates

Accepted Answer

A)  a sensory representation of the reinforcer, which in turn activates the associated response. 
B)  an emotional state that serves as a discriminative stimulus. 
C)  the sensory node and then the emotional node, which motivates the associated behavior. 
D)  the emotive node, and then an instrumental response is evoked. 
A)  a sensory representation of the reinforcer, which in turn activates the associated response. 
B)  an emotional state that serves as a discriminative stimulus. 
C)  the sensory node and then the emotional node, which motivates the associated behavior. 
D)  the emotive node, and then an instrumental response is evoked.

Question 17

According to the opponent-process theory of motivation, after a certain number of bungee jumps a person might experience _______ both before and after a jump due to the workings of the _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  fear; a-process 
B)  euphoria; a-process 
C)  fear; b-process 
D)  euphoria; b-process 
A)  fear; a-process 
B)  euphoria; a-process 
C)  fear; b-process 
D)  euphoria; b-process

Question 18

According to Hull, the rG-sG mechanism represents the

Accepted Answer

A)  goal reaction, or the response to food in the goal box. 
B)  instrumentally conditioned response to the start box cues. 
C)  classically conditioned response to the goal box cues. 
D)  stimulus effects that attach to and link the instrumental responses. 
A)  goal reaction, or the response to food in the goal box. 
B)  instrumentally conditioned response to the start box cues. 
C)  classically conditioned response to the goal box cues. 
D)  stimulus effects that attach to and link the instrumental responses.

Question 19

Refer to the scenario below to answer the questions that follow.
Eric initiates a sexual encounter with his partner, who is very receptive to his overture. In the middle of foreplay, the phone rings and Eric interrupts the encounter to deal with the call. His abandoned partner experiences a quick decline of pleasure, and becomes tense and irritable.
-When Eric gets off the phone, his partner has calmed down and is watching TV. When Eric appears in the room with the intention of initiating foreplay again, he his partner is no longer receptive. How do classical conditioning and the opponent process theory account for his partner's response?

Accepted Answer

Modern versions of opponent process theo

Question 20

Hull's concept of Drive refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  a specific motivational state produced by a particular deficit (e.g., hunger, thirst). 
B)  a general motivational state produced by one or more biological needs. 
C)  the strength of a behavior at the start of instrumental conditioning. 
D)  the strength of a behavior at the end of instrumental conditioning. 
A)  a specific motivational state produced by a particular deficit (e.g., hunger, thirst). 
B)  a general motivational state produced by one or more biological needs. 
C)  the strength of a behavior at the start of instrumental conditioning. 
D)  the strength of a behavior at the end of instrumental conditioning.

Concurrent measurement studies involve measuring whether

Pavlovian-instrumental transfer studies involve training subjects on a(n)

A positive contrast effect is said to occur when

Describe how you could reinforce your roommate for washing the dishes to make the behavior persistent. Justify the efficacy of your procedure based on theories of motivation.

Every time Travis asks his mother for a cookie, he gets it. When she stops giving him cookies she can expect

Research on incentive effects have shown that

Sequential theory argues that a behavior will more likely be persistent if the subject experiences

Describe Hull's theory of motivation and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the theory in terms of its ability to explain the effects of drive on behavior.

Incentive learning refers to a subject's

Effects such as conditioned compensatory responses

Which statement about incentive contrast effects is false?

Which individual would likely experience a negative contrast effect?

Paradoxical reward effects refer to the finding that

Pavlovian CSs elicit CRs, which can interfere with, or complement, instrumental responding. Which statement about this observation is true?

Outcome specific PIT might work because, as Konorski proposed, a Pavlovian CS activates

According to the opponent-process theory of motivation, after a certain number of bungee jumps a person might experience _ both before and after a jump due to the workings of the _.

According to Hull, the r_G-s_G mechanism represents the

Hull's concept of Drive refers to

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 9: The Motivation of Instrumental Action

Concurrent measurement studies involve measuring whether

Pavlovian-instrumental transfer studies involve training subjects on a(n)

A positive contrast effect is said to occur when

Describe how you could reinforce your roommate for washing the dishes to make the behavior persistent. Justify the efficacy of your procedure based on theories of motivation.

Every time Travis asks his mother for a cookie, he gets it. When she stops giving him cookies she can expect

Research on incentive effects have shown that

Sequential theory argues that a behavior will more likely be persistent if the subject experiences

Describe Hull's theory of motivation and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the theory in terms of its ability to explain the effects of drive on behavior.

Incentive learning refers to a subject's

Effects such as conditioned compensatory responses

Which statement about incentive contrast effects is false?

Which individual would likely experience a negative contrast effect?

Paradoxical reward effects refer to the finding that

Pavlovian CSs elicit CRs, which can interfere with, or complement, instrumental responding. Which statement about this observation is true?

Outcome specific PIT might work because, as Konorski proposed, a Pavlovian CS activates

According to the opponent-process theory of motivation, after a certain number of bungee jumps a person might experience _______ both before and after a jump due to the workings of the _______.

According to Hull, the rG-sG mechanism represents the

Hull's concept of Drive refers to

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

According to the opponent-process theory of motivation, after a certain number of bungee jumps a person might experience _ both before and after a jump due to the workings of the _.

According to Hull, the r_G-s_G mechanism represents the