Question 1

According to Hull's construct of incentive motivation, this factor

Accepted Answer

A)  is just as important as Habit and Drive in regulating behavior. 
B)  mainly affects Drive; thus the product of Drive and incentive are added to Habit. 
C)  is a cognitive factor that can produce motivation when Drive is absent. 
D)  is fixed and not modifiable. 
A)  is just as important as Habit and Drive in regulating behavior. 
B)  mainly affects Drive; thus the product of Drive and incentive are added to Habit. 
C)  is a cognitive factor that can produce motivation when Drive is absent. 
D)  is fixed and not modifiable.

Question 2

Which statement about the assumptions of sequential theory regarding extinction is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stimulus generalization of memories of N-length and number of NR transitions formed in acquisition produce these effects. 
B)  Classical conditioning of reactions to N-length and number of NR transitions formed in acquisition produce these effects. 
C)  Instrumental conditioning of response persistence must precede the classical conditioning of emotional reactions to frustration in order to produce these effects. 
D)  Classical conditioning of emotional reactions to frustration must precede the instrumental conditioning of response persistence in order to produce these effects. 
A)  Stimulus generalization of memories of N-length and number of NR transitions formed in acquisition produce these effects. 
B)  Classical conditioning of reactions to N-length and number of NR transitions formed in acquisition produce these effects. 
C)  Instrumental conditioning of response persistence must precede the classical conditioning of emotional reactions to frustration in order to produce these effects. 
D)  Classical conditioning of emotional reactions to frustration must precede the instrumental conditioning of response persistence in order to produce these effects.

Question 3

Drug tolerance is most likely due to

Accepted Answer

A)  the b-process. 
B)  the a-process. 
C)  Pavlovian conditioning of the b-process. 
D)  spaced and moderate use of a drug. 
A)  the b-process. 
B)  the a-process. 
C)  Pavlovian conditioning of the b-process. 
D)  spaced and moderate use of a drug.

Question 4

According to the opponent-process theory of motivation,

Accepted Answer

A)  the a-process is the innate trigger for eliciting the b-process. 
B)  the b-process does not occur until the initial emotional stimulus is withdrawn. 
C)  the a-process changes over time and becomes weaker as exposure to the emotional stimulus increases. 
D)  the b-process weakens over time but persists for an increasingly longer duration as exposure to the emotional stimulus increases. 
A)  the a-process is the innate trigger for eliciting the b-process. 
B)  the b-process does not occur until the initial emotional stimulus is withdrawn. 
C)  the a-process changes over time and becomes weaker as exposure to the emotional stimulus increases. 
D)  the b-process weakens over time but persists for an increasingly longer duration as exposure to the emotional stimulus increases.

Question 5

Refer to the scenario below to answer the questions that follow.
Eric initiates a sexual encounter with his partner, who is very receptive to his overture. In the middle of foreplay, the phone rings and Eric interrupts the encounter to deal with the call. His abandoned partner experiences a quick decline of pleasure, and becomes tense and irritable.
-Explain his partner's feelings from the perspective of opponent-process theory.

Accepted Answer

Eric's initiation of a sexual encounter

Question 6

Research findings from Pavlovian-instrumental transfer and concurrent measurement studies have led researchers to conclude that

Accepted Answer

A)  a CS for food only affects instrumental responding for food. 
B)  instrumental conditioning can enhance or suppress classical responding. 
C)  instrumental conditioning can modulate classically conditioned responding. 
D)  classical conditioning can evoke a whole system of motivation-based behavior. 
A)  a CS for food only affects instrumental responding for food. 
B)  instrumental conditioning can enhance or suppress classical responding. 
C)  instrumental conditioning can modulate classically conditioned responding. 
D)  classical conditioning can evoke a whole system of motivation-based behavior.

Question 7

In explaining extinction, sequential theory emphasizes _______ and _______ while frustration theory emphasizes _______ and _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  memory; generalization; emotion; motivation 
B)  memory; motivation; emotion; generalization 
C)  memory; generalization; trial signaling; counterconditioning 
D)  memory; counterconditioning; emotion; generalization 
A)  memory; generalization; emotion; motivation 
B)  memory; motivation; emotion; generalization 
C)  memory; generalization; trial signaling; counterconditioning 
D)  memory; counterconditioning; emotion; generalization

Question 8

Frustration can explain

Accepted Answer

A)  positive contrast. 
B)  incentive learning. 
C)  negative contrast. 
D)  why drive reduction sometimes does not reinforce. 
A)  positive contrast. 
B)  incentive learning. 
C)  negative contrast. 
D)  why drive reduction sometimes does not reinforce.

Question 9

From a Hullian perspective, when a pigeon pecks at a key to get grain, rG, or fractional

Accepted Answer

A)  recollections or memories, are stored about the amount and quality of the grain. 
B)  responses, are instrumentally conditioned to the key light. 
C)  responses, can be elicited through classical conditioning of the operant chamber. 
D)  resistance or competing responses, can become conditioned to the key light. 
A)  recollections or memories, are stored about the amount and quality of the grain. 
B)  responses, are instrumentally conditioned to the key light. 
C)  responses, can be elicited through classical conditioning of the operant chamber. 
D)  resistance or competing responses, can become conditioned to the key light.

Question 10

Researchers have found that when they increase or decrease the incentive, the effect on an animal's instrumental behavior depends on

Accepted Answer

A)  the animal's knowledge and experience with that incentive. 
B)  the difficulty of the response or the amount of effort required to produce the response. 
C)  the type of occasion setters used to signal the incentive changes. 
D)  whether the reinforcer is primary or secondary. 
A)  the animal's knowledge and experience with that incentive. 
B)  the difficulty of the response or the amount of effort required to produce the response. 
C)  the type of occasion setters used to signal the incentive changes. 
D)  whether the reinforcer is primary or secondary.

Question 11

A new vending machine is installed in the library. Ben visits it 5 times and gets a soda every time. Sally visits the same machine 12 times and gets a soda every time. By Friday afternoon the machine is empty. According to the overtraining extinction effect, who will stop going to the machine first when it is empty?

Accepted Answer

A)  They've both been continually reinforced, so they will stop after the same number of trips. 
B)  Sally will most likely stop first. 
C)  Ben will most likely stop first because he is frustrated. 
D)  Ben will stop first because overtraining slows extinction. 
A)  They've both been continually reinforced, so they will stop after the same number of trips. 
B)  Sally will most likely stop first. 
C)  Ben will most likely stop first because he is frustrated. 
D)  Ben will stop first because overtraining slows extinction.

Question 12

Hull assumed that rG, a response similar to one evoked in the presence of reward, is conditioned to the stimuli surrounding the reward. It can be elicited by similar stimuli and serve as a motivating force. What must be observed to support that mechanism, and does the evidence support it?

Accepted Answer

"r_G" is assumed to be a conditioned respo

Question 13

Hullian theory has been characterized as a _______ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  cathexes 
B)  depletion-repletion 
C)  occasion-setting 
D)  cognitive-incentive 
A)  cathexes 
B)  depletion-repletion 
C)  occasion-setting 
D)  cognitive-incentive

Question 14

Concurrent measurement studies were designed by researchers to test whether

Accepted Answer

A)  instrumental responding is actually a classically elicited response from an organized set of behaviors that serve a biological function. 
B)  motivational factors or emotional factors provide stronger incentive effects. 
C)  classically conditioned peripheral responses provide the motivational basis for instrumental responding. 
D)  retroactive and proactive interference effects can explain extinction and Pavlovian‒instrumental transfer data. 
A)  instrumental responding is actually a classically elicited response from an organized set of behaviors that serve a biological function. 
B)  motivational factors or emotional factors provide stronger incentive effects. 
C)  classically conditioned peripheral responses provide the motivational basis for instrumental responding. 
D)  retroactive and proactive interference effects can explain extinction and Pavlovian‒instrumental transfer data.

Question 15

A "specific hunger" involves

Accepted Answer

A)  learning about foods that contain the needed nutrient. 
B)  drive reduction by foods that contain the needed nutrient. 
C)  avoiding foods that do not contain the needed nutrient. 
D)  an aversion to the foods that do not contain the needed nutrient and learning about foods that do. 
A)  learning about foods that contain the needed nutrient. 
B)  drive reduction by foods that contain the needed nutrient. 
C)  avoiding foods that do not contain the needed nutrient. 
D)  an aversion to the foods that do not contain the needed nutrient and learning about foods that do.

Question 16

The partial reinforcement extinction effect refers to the finding that subjects that receive partial reinforcement during acquisition are likely to _______, relative to subjects that were always rewarded.

Accepted Answer

A)  show some extinction or diminished responding during acquisition 
B)  respond less and extinguish their responding more rapidly 
C)  respond more in acquisition and extinction 
D)  show greater responding or more resistance to extinction. 
A)  show some extinction or diminished responding during acquisition 
B)  respond less and extinguish their responding more rapidly 
C)  respond more in acquisition and extinction 
D)  show greater responding or more resistance to extinction.

Question 17

Which effect best supports the idea that the b-process can be conditioned to a CS?

Accepted Answer

A)  Strengthening of both the a- and b-process over time 
B)  Strengthening of the b-process over time 
C)  Compensatory responses such as sign tracking 
D)  Compensatory responses such as after-images. 
A)  Strengthening of both the a- and b-process over time 
B)  Strengthening of the b-process over time 
C)  Compensatory responses such as sign tracking 
D)  Compensatory responses such as after-images.

Question 18

When a person participates in an activity like bungee jumping for the first time, fear is most likely experienced right before the jump. According to the opponent-process theory of motivation, this fear would be classified as

Accepted Answer

A)  the a-process. 
B)  the b-process. 
C)  the peak of the after-reaction. 
D)  the adaptation process. 
A)  the a-process. 
B)  the b-process. 
C)  the peak of the after-reaction. 
D)  the adaptation process.

Question 19

Which statement represents a challenge to, or weakness of, the Drive construct in Hullian theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  High drive increases behaviors that are unrelated to the need. 
B)  Drive tends to activate functional sets of behavior that are organized to deal with a particular need state. 
C)  Ultimately, with behavior motivated by Drive only homeostasis cannot be obtained. 
D)  Drive was just as important as Habit in determining behavior. 
A)  High drive increases behaviors that are unrelated to the need. 
B)  Drive tends to activate functional sets of behavior that are organized to deal with a particular need state. 
C)  Ultimately, with behavior motivated by Drive only homeostasis cannot be obtained. 
D)  Drive was just as important as Habit in determining behavior.

Question 20

Hull's concept of Habit (H) is most analogous to

Accepted Answer

A)  a specific motivational state produced by a particular deficit (e.g., hunger, thirst). 
B)  a general motivational state produced by one or more biological needs. 
C)  an S-R association. 
D)  the automatic, highly stereotypical manner in which the response is produced after extensive training. 
A)  a specific motivational state produced by a particular deficit (e.g., hunger, thirst). 
B)  a general motivational state produced by one or more biological needs. 
C)  an S-R association. 
D)  the automatic, highly stereotypical manner in which the response is produced after extensive training.

According to Hull's construct of incentive motivation, this factor

Which statement about the assumptions of sequential theory regarding extinction is true?

Drug tolerance is most likely due to

According to the opponent-process theory of motivation,

Research findings from Pavlovian-instrumental transfer and concurrent measurement studies have led researchers to conclude that

In explaining extinction, sequential theory emphasizes ___ and _ while frustration theory emphasizes _ and _____.

Frustration can explain

From a Hullian perspective, when a pigeon pecks at a key to get grain, r_G, or fractional

Researchers have found that when they increase or decrease the incentive, the effect on an animal's instrumental behavior depends on

Hull assumed that r_G, a response similar to one evoked in the presence of reward, is conditioned to the stimuli surrounding the reward. It can be elicited by similar stimuli and serve as a motivating force. What must be observed to support that mechanism, and does the evidence support it?

Hullian theory has been characterized as a _______ theory.

Concurrent measurement studies were designed by researchers to test whether

A "specific hunger" involves

The partial reinforcement extinction effect refers to the finding that subjects that receive partial reinforcement during acquisition are likely to _______, relative to subjects that were always rewarded.

Which effect best supports the idea that the b-process can be conditioned to a CS?

When a person participates in an activity like bungee jumping for the first time, fear is most likely experienced right before the jump. According to the opponent-process theory of motivation, this fear would be classified as

Which statement represents a challenge to, or weakness of, the Drive construct in Hullian theory?

Hull's concept of Habit (H) is most analogous to

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 9: The Motivation of Instrumental Action

According to Hull's construct of incentive motivation, this factor

Which statement about the assumptions of sequential theory regarding extinction is true?

Drug tolerance is most likely due to

According to the opponent-process theory of motivation,

Research findings from Pavlovian-instrumental transfer and concurrent measurement studies have led researchers to conclude that

In explaining extinction, sequential theory emphasizes _______ and _______ while frustration theory emphasizes _______ and _________.

Frustration can explain

From a Hullian perspective, when a pigeon pecks at a key to get grain, rG, or fractional

Researchers have found that when they increase or decrease the incentive, the effect on an animal's instrumental behavior depends on

Hull assumed that rG, a response similar to one evoked in the presence of reward, is conditioned to the stimuli surrounding the reward. It can be elicited by similar stimuli and serve as a motivating force. What must be observed to support that mechanism, and does the evidence support it?

Hullian theory has been characterized as a _______ theory.

Concurrent measurement studies were designed by researchers to test whether

A "specific hunger" involves

The partial reinforcement extinction effect refers to the finding that subjects that receive partial reinforcement during acquisition are likely to _______, relative to subjects that were always rewarded.

Which effect best supports the idea that the b-process can be conditioned to a CS?

When a person participates in an activity like bungee jumping for the first time, fear is most likely experienced right before the jump. According to the opponent-process theory of motivation, this fear would be classified as

Which statement represents a challenge to, or weakness of, the Drive construct in Hullian theory?

Hull's concept of Habit (H) is most analogous to

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

In explaining extinction, sequential theory emphasizes ___ and _ while frustration theory emphasizes _ and _____.

From a Hullian perspective, when a pigeon pecks at a key to get grain, r_G, or fractional

Hull assumed that r_G, a response similar to one evoked in the presence of reward, is conditioned to the stimuli surrounding the reward. It can be elicited by similar stimuli and serve as a motivating force. What must be observed to support that mechanism, and does the evidence support it?