Question 1

Research questions are defined as "interesting" when they are about current social issues.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Selecting the sampling and measurement techniques is part of what stage of the research process?

Accepted Answer

A)  data collection 
B)  data processing 
C)  problem selection and formulation 
D)  formulation of the research design 
E)  data analysis and interpretation 
A)  data collection 
B)  data processing 
C)  problem selection and formulation 
D)  formulation of the research design 
E)  data analysis and interpretation

Question 3

Sampson and Laub studied the effect of childhood deviance on adult crime. They found that children who had been committed to a correctional school for persistent delinquency were much more likely to have committed crimes as adults. Which criteria(on) for establishing causality are (is) satisfied in this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  association 
B)  direction of influence 
C)  nonspuriousness 
D)  all of the above 
E)  a and b 
A)  association 
B)  direction of influence 
C)  nonspuriousness 
D)  all of the above 
E)  a and b

Question 4

In a recent campus survey, men reported that they watched an average of 104 minutes of television per day, and women reported an average of 79 minutes. This indicates that there is ______ between gender and the number of minutes of TV watched per day.

Accepted Answer

A)  no association 
B)  an association 
C)  a linear relationship 
D)  a curvilinear relationship 
A)  no association 
B)  an association 
C)  a linear relationship 
D)  a curvilinear relationship

Question 5

Concerned that the faculty may be underestimating how much time students spend studying, the student government commissions you to conduct a study that will estimate how much time, on the average, the students at your school study per day. This is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  exploratory study. 
B)  descriptive study. 
C)  explanatory study. 
D)  hypothesis-testing study. 
A)  exploratory study. 
B)  descriptive study. 
C)  explanatory study. 
D)  hypothesis-testing study.

Question 6

"Divorced," "male," "and "Republican" are examples of variables.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

A causal relationship may be implied from comparatively weak associations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

To study whether women are stereotyped on television, Stephen Craig analyzed over 2,000 television commercials. Among the information he coded for each commercial was the gender mix of the characters, the role of the primary visual character, and the type of product advertised. Craig's unit of analysis is

Accepted Answer

A)  gender. 
B)  gender stereotypes. 
C)  women. 
D)  television. 
E)  television commercials. 
A)  gender. 
B)  gender stereotypes. 
C)  women. 
D)  television. 
E)  television commercials.

Question 9

Morris (Box 4.1) found a higher incidence of heart disease among drivers than among conductors of London's double-decker buses. Which of the following variables may have created a spurious association between job type and heart disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  exercise 
B)  job stress 
C)  salary or income 
D)  age 
A)  exercise 
B)  job stress 
C)  salary or income 
D)  age

Question 10

A study of gender differences in the values of U.S. adolescents found that females were more likely than males to express concern for the well-being of others. This difference was the same across all social class groupings. In this study, the dependent variable is __________, and a control variable is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  gender; social class 
B)  concern for others; social class 
C)  concern for others; gender 
D)  social class; gender 
A)  gender; social class 
B)  concern for others; social class 
C)  concern for others; gender 
D)  social class; gender

Question 11

Several studies have found that students who drink heavily are more likely than other students to miss class, get behind in school work, and perform poorly on examinations. From this finding, we can conclude confidently that

Accepted Answer

A)  heavy drinking has a negative impact on academic performance. 
B)  heavy drinking impairs the cognitive tasks required to perform well academically. 
C)  poor academic performance causes distress that leads to heavy drinking. 
D)  there is an association between alcohol use and academic performance. 
A)  heavy drinking has a negative impact on academic performance. 
B)  heavy drinking impairs the cognitive tasks required to perform well academically. 
C)  poor academic performance causes distress that leads to heavy drinking. 
D)  there is an association between alcohol use and academic performance.

Question 12

A researcher examining data on schools finds that the higher the average income of the parents whose children attend a school, the higher is the average achievement test score for all students in the school. (a) What is the unit of analysis for these data? (b) Can the researcher conclude from these data that the higher the income of a student's parents, the better the student's achievement test score is likely to be? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

(a) The unit of analysis for these data

Question 13

Showing that an intervening variable exists between an independent and dependent variable proves that the relationship is spurious.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Suppose you found that the incidence of social protest was higher in cities with large union memberships. It would be an ecological fallacy to conclude that

Accepted Answer

A)  union members are likely to engage in social protest. 
B)  unions promote social protest. 
C)  cities promote social protest. 
D)  social protest encourages unionization. 
A)  union members are likely to engage in social protest. 
B)  unions promote social protest. 
C)  cities promote social protest. 
D)  social protest encourages unionization.

Question 15

In what sense do anticipated relationships among variables guide research design?

Accepted Answer

Anticipated relationships among variable

Question 16

A correlation coefficient indicates the strength of a relationship.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Rewrite the following statement as a testable hypothesis: Social class is related to political party affiliation.

Accepted Answer

A testable hypothesis for the statement

Question 18

Suppose you want to investigate the effect of management leadership style on organizational performance (in terms of, for example, level of profit, market share, and product quality).
a. What would be the independent variable in your study?
b. What would be the dependent variable?
c. What would be the unit of analysis?

Accepted Answer

a. The independent variable in your stud

Question 19

Suppose a researcher gathered data from a sample of children that measured the children's aggressiveness and the number of brothers and sisters in each child's family. The data showed that the more siblings a child has, the greater the child's level of aggressiveness. Realizing that there may be more than one cause of aggressiveness, could you conclude from this finding that number of siblings is a cause of level of aggressiveness? Carefully explain.

Accepted Answer

No, we cannot conclude that the number o

Question 20

The ecological fallacy warns researchers to be cautious when drawing conclusions about

Accepted Answer

A)  individual behavior based on data representing groups or larger social units. 
B)  causality based on correlational evidence. 
C)  social units-e.g., organizations, cities, nations-based on aggregate data derived from individuals. 
D)  strength of association based on evidence of statistical significance. 
A)  individual behavior based on data representing groups or larger social units. 
B)  causality based on correlational evidence. 
C)  social units-e.g., organizations, cities, nations-based on aggregate data derived from individuals. 
D)  strength of association based on evidence of statistical significance.

Research questions are defined as "interesting" when they are about current social issues.

Selecting the sampling and measurement techniques is part of what stage of the research process?

In a recent campus survey, men reported that they watched an average of 104 minutes of television per day, and women reported an average of 79 minutes. This indicates that there is ______ between gender and the number of minutes of TV watched per day.

Concerned that the faculty may be underestimating how much time students spend studying, the student government commissions you to conduct a study that will estimate how much time, on the average, the students at your school study per day. This is an example of a(n)

"Divorced," "male," "and "Republican" are examples of variables.

A causal relationship may be implied from comparatively weak associations.

Morris (Box 4.1) found a higher incidence of heart disease among drivers than among conductors of London's double-decker buses. Which of the following variables may have created a spurious association between job type and heart disease?

A study of gender differences in the values of U.S. adolescents found that females were more likely than males to express concern for the well-being of others. This difference was the same across all social class groupings. In this study, the dependent variable is , and a control variable is .

Several studies have found that students who drink heavily are more likely than other students to miss class, get behind in school work, and perform poorly on examinations. From this finding, we can conclude confidently that

Showing that an intervening variable exists between an independent and dependent variable proves that the relationship is spurious.

Suppose you found that the incidence of social protest was higher in cities with large union memberships. It would be an ecological fallacy to conclude that

In what sense do anticipated relationships among variables guide research design?

A correlation coefficient indicates the strength of a relationship.

Rewrite the following statement as a testable hypothesis: Social class is related to political party affiliation.

The ecological fallacy warns researchers to be cautious when drawing conclusions about

Introduction

The Nature of Science

Research Ethics

Measurement

Sampling

Experimentation

Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Survey Instrumentation

Field Research

Research Using Available Data

Multiple Methods

Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

Writing Research Reports

Filters

Exam 4: Elements of Research Design

Research questions are defined as "interesting" when they are about current social issues.

Selecting the sampling and measurement techniques is part of what stage of the research process?

In a recent campus survey, men reported that they watched an average of 104 minutes of television per day, and women reported an average of 79 minutes. This indicates that there is ______ between gender and the number of minutes of TV watched per day.

Concerned that the faculty may be underestimating how much time students spend studying, the student government commissions you to conduct a study that will estimate how much time, on the average, the students at your school study per day. This is an example of a(n)

"Divorced," "male," "and "Republican" are examples of variables.

A causal relationship may be implied from comparatively weak associations.

Morris (Box 4.1) found a higher incidence of heart disease among drivers than among conductors of London's double-decker buses. Which of the following variables may have created a spurious association between job type and heart disease?

Several studies have found that students who drink heavily are more likely than other students to miss class, get behind in school work, and perform poorly on examinations. From this finding, we can conclude confidently that

Showing that an intervening variable exists between an independent and dependent variable proves that the relationship is spurious.

Suppose you found that the incidence of social protest was higher in cities with large union memberships. It would be an ecological fallacy to conclude that

In what sense do anticipated relationships among variables guide research design?

A correlation coefficient indicates the strength of a relationship.

Rewrite the following statement as a testable hypothesis: Social class is related to political party affiliation.

The ecological fallacy warns researchers to be cautious when drawing conclusions about

Introduction

The Nature of Science

Research Ethics

Measurement

Sampling

Experimentation

Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Survey Instrumentation

Field Research

Research Using Available Data

Multiple Methods

Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

Writing Research Reports

Filters