Exam 8: Puberty

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Pubic hair development almost always precedes breast development.

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Adult pubic hair appears in which Tanner stage?

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C

Explain how the father's absence from the home may influence age at menarche.

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The father's absence from the home may act as stressor and have a weathering effect on developing girls. Studies show that the father's absence is associated with earlier age at menarche as the absence could have an adverse economic impact on the environment in which a girl is reaching sexual maturity. While more research is needed, there appears to be a strong association between age at menarche and allostatic load, which is an indicator of cumulative stress due to chronic or repeat exposure to stress hormones.

Explain why Zacharias and Wurtman felt that it is nearly impossible to determine the effects of race on sexual development.

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The 1997 PROS study reported a substantially later age for stage 2 (B2) breast development in black girls compared to white girls.

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Girls who reach menarche earlier tend to be of shorter stature compared to girls who reach menarche later.

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Recent findings from the Nurses' Health Study showed an association between early age at menarche and _____.

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Explain how a pregnant woman's smoking may affect the age at which her unborn daughter reaches menarche.

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Findings in NHANES III and other studies highlighted a potential need to consider setting the normal age for breast and pubic hair development at _____ years of age or earlier.

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What environmental factors are believed to influence puberty?

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It is believed that body size could be linked to puberty through which protein?

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Heavier girls are more likely to reach menarche earlier.

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High levels of dioxin have been associated with _____ in girls.

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The average age of menarche increased between the 1800s and 1960.

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In a 1930s study, Nicholas Michelson attributed the difference in the average age of menarche between black and white girls to _____ differences.

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