Question 1

List five sources of population-based data used in epidemiology studies.

Accepted Answer

Responses should include any five of the following:
●Phone surveys
●In-person interviews or phone contacts
●Mailed questionnaires
●Mandatory laboratory reports
●Health maintenance organizations
●Federal and state-based cancer registries
●Hospital and medical care statistics
●National health surveillance

Question 2

What are the goals of tertiary prevention?

Accepted Answer

The goals of tertiary prevention include prolonging survival and reducing symptoms to improve the quality of life after a condition is diagnosed and appropriate therapy has been received.

Question 3

The statistical technique known as _____ provides a means for combining research findings from diverse study populations, and is used to obtain a summary estimate from individual published studies.

Accepted Answer

A)  length bias 
B)  meta-analysis 
C)  absolute risk 
D)  temporality 
A)  length bias 
B)  meta-analysis 
C)  absolute risk 
D)  temporality B

Question 4

Calculated relative risks greater than 1.0 indicate an increased likelihood of disease associated with the risk factor.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

John Snow has been credited with founding epidemiology because, through careful investigations, he identified that _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  rat fleas caused the bubonic plague 
B)  cigarette smoking was a primary cause of lung cancer 
C)  cases of puerperal fever were being caused by contamination from an autopsy laboratory 
D)  contaminated water caused a cholera outbreak 
A)  rat fleas caused the bubonic plague 
B)  cigarette smoking was a primary cause of lung cancer 
C)  cases of puerperal fever were being caused by contamination from an autopsy laboratory 
D)  contaminated water caused a cholera outbreak

Question 6

List five of the criteria used to guide evaluation of causal inference in epidemiologic studies.

Accepted Answer

Responses should include any f

Question 7

Observational studies are considered essential for assessment of health behaviors and clinical outcomes that ethically cannot be randomly assigned for experimental investigations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Why do some investigators and journalists caution against quick acceptance of early study results?

Accepted Answer

Some investigators and journalists cauti

Question 9

The genetic factors that affect exposure-disease associations may differ within families.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

The _____ of a disease reflects the total number of affected women at one point in time, including newly diagnosed cases and those with longer histories of the disease.

Accepted Answer

A)  biologic gradient 
B)  Population Attributable Risk (PAR) 
C)  incidence 
D)  prevalence 
A)  biologic gradient 
B)  Population Attributable Risk (PAR) 
C)  incidence 
D)  prevalence

Question 11

The size of the population has little bearing on the probability of finding a statistically significant relationship between risk factors and disease outcomes if one truly exists.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

What type of study involves collecting data uniformly from women with a newly diagnosed condition and unaffected women by personal interview or extensive mailed questionnaire, with questions based on prior research or hypotheses, asking about exposures and life events preceding diagnosis among cases and during a comparable time interval for controls?

Accepted Answer

A)  case-case study 
B)  case-control study 
C)  ecologic study 
D)  cross-sectional study 
A)  case-case study 
B)  case-control study 
C)  ecologic study 
D)  cross-sectional study

Question 13

Which of the following estimates the strength of the relationship, if one exists, between a defined risk factor and a disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  confounding factor 
B)  odds ratio 
C)  relative risk 
D)  absolute risk 
A)  confounding factor 
B)  odds ratio 
C)  relative risk 
D)  absolute risk

Question 14

Hospital-based study recruitment is preferred for epidemiologic studies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

If 15 women out of a group of 45 women truly test positive for a condition, 5 falsely test positive, 5 falsely test negative, and the remaining 20 truly test negative, what is the positive predictive value?

Accepted Answer

A)  15/35 or 43% 
B)  15/20 or 75% 
C)  20/25 or 80% 
D)  20/20 or 100% 
A)  15/35 or 43% 
B)  15/20 or 75% 
C)  20/25 or 80% 
D)  20/20 or 100%

Exam 2: Epidemiologic Research Methods

List five sources of population-based data used in epidemiology studies.

What are the goals of tertiary prevention?

The statistical technique known as _____ provides a means for combining research findings from diverse study populations, and is used to obtain a summary estimate from individual published studies.

Calculated relative risks greater than 1.0 indicate an increased likelihood of disease associated with the risk factor.

John Snow has been credited with founding epidemiology because, through careful investigations, he identified that _____.

List five of the criteria used to guide evaluation of causal inference in epidemiologic studies.

Observational studies are considered essential for assessment of health behaviors and clinical outcomes that ethically cannot be randomly assigned for experimental investigations.

Why do some investigators and journalists caution against quick acceptance of early study results?

The genetic factors that affect exposure-disease associations may differ within families.

The _____ of a disease reflects the total number of affected women at one point in time, including newly diagnosed cases and those with longer histories of the disease.

The size of the population has little bearing on the probability of finding a statistically significant relationship between risk factors and disease outcomes if one truly exists.

Which of the following estimates the strength of the relationship, if one exists, between a defined risk factor and a disease?

Hospital-based study recruitment is preferred for epidemiologic studies.

If 15 women out of a group of 45 women truly test positive for a condition, 5 falsely test positive, 5 falsely test negative, and the remaining 20 truly test negative, what is the positive predictive value?

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