Question 1

Edward Tolman is often referred to as a cognitive behaviorist. Discuss his psychology in light of that label.

Accepted Answer

Edward Tolman was an influential psychologist known for his work in cognitive psychology and behaviorism. He is often referred to as a cognitive behaviorist because he integrated both cognitive and behavioral principles into his research and theories.

Tolman's psychology can be understood in light of this label by examining his emphasis on the role of cognitive processes in behavior. Unlike traditional behaviorists who focused solely on observable behaviors, Tolman believed that internal mental processes, such as thinking, perception, and problem-solving, played a crucial role in shaping behavior. This cognitive perspective allowed Tolman to develop a more comprehensive understanding of human and animal behavior.

One of Tolman's most famous contributions to psychology is his theory of "latent learning," which demonstrated that organisms can acquire knowledge and form cognitive maps of their environment without immediate reinforcement. This challenged the behaviorist notion that learning only occurs through direct reinforcement and highlighted the importance of cognitive processes in shaping behavior.

Additionally, Tolman's research on motivation and goal-directed behavior further exemplified his cognitive behaviorist approach. He proposed that individuals and animals are driven by internal cognitive representations of goals and use these representations to guide their behavior. This perspective emphasized the role of cognition in shaping behavior and provided a more nuanced understanding of motivation.

Overall, Edward Tolman's psychology can be characterized as cognitive behaviorism due to his integration of cognitive and behavioral principles in understanding behavior. His work highlighted the importance of internal mental processes in shaping behavior and laid the foundation for the cognitive revolution in psychology.

Question 2

Unlike classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning was not concerned with the

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcing stimulus 
B) process of extinction 
C) consequences of behavior 
D) eliciting stimulus 
A) reinforcing stimulus 
B) process of extinction 
C) consequences of behavior 
D) eliciting stimulus D

Question 3

In Tolman's plus-shaped maze, which animals learned to find food the fastest?

Accepted Answer

A) place learners 
B) latent learners 
C) response learners 
D) those rats that always turned left 
A) place learners 
B) latent learners 
C) response learners 
D) those rats that always turned left A

Question 4

Although Watson published his influential article in 1913, it wasn't until the ________ that behaviorism began to dominate American psychology.

Accepted Answer

A) 1920s 
B) 1930s 
C) 1940s 
D) 1950s 
A) 1920s 
B) 1930s 
C) 1940s 
D) 1950s

Question 5

The principal method by which George Romanes studied animal behavior was called

Accepted Answer

A) reification 
B) naturalistic observation 
C) introspection by analogy 
D) puzzle box problems 
A) reification 
B) naturalistic observation 
C) introspection by analogy 
D) puzzle box problems

Question 6

Edward Tolman's psychology could be described as

Accepted Answer

A) instrumental learning 
B) radical behaviorism 
C) purposive behaviorism 
D) reinforcement driven 
A) instrumental learning 
B) radical behaviorism 
C) purposive behaviorism 
D) reinforcement driven

Question 7

Pavlov's discovery of what would later be labeled classical conditioning came about because he noticed that his dogs

Accepted Answer

A) were learning to perform in a maze even when they were not reinforced 
B) responded to a light but not a sound, even though both had been paired with food 
C) would salivate in the presence of highly preferred foods but not for foods that were less preferred 
D) were salivating prematurely, that is, before the food was present 
A) were learning to perform in a maze even when they were not reinforced 
B) responded to a light but not a sound, even though both had been paired with food 
C) would salivate in the presence of highly preferred foods but not for foods that were less preferred 
D) were salivating prematurely, that is, before the food was present

Question 8

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that

Accepted Answer

A) partially reinforced behaviors are stronger than continuously reinforced behaviors 
B) partially reinforced behaviors are weaker than continuously reinforced behaviors 
C) partially reinforced behaviors are less resistant to extinction 
D) in partial reinforcement, some behaviors go unreinforced 
A) partially reinforced behaviors are stronger than continuously reinforced behaviors 
B) partially reinforced behaviors are weaker than continuously reinforced behaviors 
C) partially reinforced behaviors are less resistant to extinction 
D) in partial reinforcement, some behaviors go unreinforced

Question 9

Discuss the history of comparative psychology from the work of Darwin and the other British naturalists through the work of Thorndike and Pavlov. Why was this work important to a behavioristic psychology?

Accepted Answer

The history of comparative psychology ca

Question 10

Clark Hull's grand theory of behavior was established using what method?

Accepted Answer

A) cognitive maps 
B) hypothetico-deductive method 
C) classical conditioning 
D) logical positivism 
A) cognitive maps 
B) hypothetico-deductive method 
C) classical conditioning 
D) logical positivism

Question 11

C. Lloyd Morgan's canon in animal research argued that in explaining animal behavior

Accepted Answer

A) anthropomorphizing was an acceptable practice for primates but likely not for organisms lower on the phylogenetic scale 
B) a higher mental process should not be invoked if the behavior can be explained by a lower mental process 
C) introspection by analogy was a valid technique when supplemented by field observations 
D) psychologists should be cautious about evoking evolutionary explanations 
A) anthropomorphizing was an acceptable practice for primates but likely not for organisms lower on the phylogenetic scale 
B) a higher mental process should not be invoked if the behavior can be explained by a lower mental process 
C) introspection by analogy was a valid technique when supplemented by field observations 
D) psychologists should be cautious about evoking evolutionary explanations

Question 12

John Watson's book on child rearing warned parents against using too much

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) punishment 
C) negative reinforcement 
D) affection 
A) positive reinforcement 
B) punishment 
C) negative reinforcement 
D) affection

Question 13

Watson delivered his "behaviorist manifesto" at Columbia University in February 1913. Discuss the main points of that lecture indicating how Watson proposed to reform the science of psychology.

Accepted Answer

In his "behaviorist manifesto" delivered

Question 14

The label "behaviorist manifesto" refers to

Accepted Answer

A) Watson's 1913 address at Columbia University 
B) Watson's rejection of control as a goal for psychology 
C) Watson's list of acceptable research methods for a behavioral psychology 
D) Watson's plea for psychology to focus on studies of animal behavior 
A) Watson's 1913 address at Columbia University 
B) Watson's rejection of control as a goal for psychology 
C) Watson's list of acceptable research methods for a behavioral psychology 
D) Watson's plea for psychology to focus on studies of animal behavior

Question 15

Neobehaviorism is a label used to describe American psychology in what time period?

Accepted Answer

A) 1910s-1930s 
B) 1930s-1970s 
C) 1920s-1950s 
D) 1940s-1980s 
A) 1910s-1930s 
B) 1930s-1970s 
C) 1920s-1950s 
D) 1940s-1980s

Question 16

Skinner proposed to be able to control behavior by understanding how behavior was affected by

Accepted Answer

A) desires 
B) needs 
C) consequences 
D) mental states 
A) desires 
B) needs 
C) consequences 
D) mental states

Question 17

The psychologies of Thorndike, Pavlov, and Hull are described as stimulus - response or S-R psychologies. But Skinner's psychology is labeled an R-S psychology. Explain how and why Skinner's system is different.

Accepted Answer

The psychologies of Thorndike, Pavlov, a

Question 18

Thorndike wrote that "Any act which in a given situation produces satisfaction becomes associated with that situation, so that when the situation recurs the act is more likely than before to recur as well." This statement is known as

Accepted Answer

A) the law of effect 
B) the principle of satisfaction 
C) the partial reinforcement effect 
D) the principle of classical conditioning 
A) the law of effect 
B) the principle of satisfaction 
C) the partial reinforcement effect 
D) the principle of classical conditioning

Question 19

Discuss the concept of reinforcement in the neobehavioral psychologies of Tolman, Hull, and Skinner.

Accepted Answer

The concept of reinforcement is a centra

Question 20

For Hull, the mechanism for reinforcement was

Accepted Answer

A) drive reduction 
B) latent learning 
C) animal satisfaction 
D) habit strength 
A) drive reduction 
B) latent learning 
C) animal satisfaction 
D) habit strength

Edward Tolman is often referred to as a cognitive behaviorist. Discuss his psychology in light of that label.

Unlike classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning was not concerned with the

In Tolman's plus-shaped maze, which animals learned to find food the fastest?

Although Watson published his influential article in 1913, it wasn't until the ________ that behaviorism began to dominate American psychology.

The principal method by which George Romanes studied animal behavior was called

Edward Tolman's psychology could be described as

Pavlov's discovery of what would later be labeled classical conditioning came about because he noticed that his dogs

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that

Discuss the history of comparative psychology from the work of Darwin and the other British naturalists through the work of Thorndike and Pavlov. Why was this work important to a behavioristic psychology?

Clark Hull's grand theory of behavior was established using what method?

C. Lloyd Morgan's canon in animal research argued that in explaining animal behavior

John Watson's book on child rearing warned parents against using too much

Watson delivered his "behaviorist manifesto" at Columbia University in February 1913. Discuss the main points of that lecture indicating how Watson proposed to reform the science of psychology.

The label "behaviorist manifesto" refers to

Neobehaviorism is a label used to describe American psychology in what time period?

Skinner proposed to be able to control behavior by understanding how behavior was affected by

The psychologies of Thorndike, Pavlov, and Hull are described as stimulus - response or S-R psychologies. But Skinner's psychology is labeled an R-S psychology. Explain how and why Skinner's system is different.

Thorndike wrote that "Any act which in a given situation produces satisfaction becomes associated with that situation, so that when the situation recurs the act is more likely than before to recur as well." This statement is known as

Discuss the concept of reinforcement in the neobehavioral psychologies of Tolman, Hull, and Skinner.

For Hull, the mechanism for reinforcement was

Pre-Scientific Psychology

Physiology, Psychophysics, and the Science of Mind

Germany and the Birth of a New

Origins of Scientific Psychology in America

The Early Schools of American Psychology

The Birth of the New Applied Psychology in America

Psychoanalysis

The New Profession of Psychology

A Psychology of Social Action and Social Change

Cognitive Psychology

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Exam 8: Behaviorism

Edward Tolman is often referred to as a cognitive behaviorist. Discuss his psychology in light of that label.

Unlike classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning was not concerned with the

In Tolman's plus-shaped maze, which animals learned to find food the fastest?

Although Watson published his influential article in 1913, it wasn't until the ________ that behaviorism began to dominate American psychology.

The principal method by which George Romanes studied animal behavior was called

Edward Tolman's psychology could be described as

Pavlov's discovery of what would later be labeled classical conditioning came about because he noticed that his dogs

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that

Discuss the history of comparative psychology from the work of Darwin and the other British naturalists through the work of Thorndike and Pavlov. Why was this work important to a behavioristic psychology?

Clark Hull's grand theory of behavior was established using what method?

C. Lloyd Morgan's canon in animal research argued that in explaining animal behavior

John Watson's book on child rearing warned parents against using too much

Watson delivered his "behaviorist manifesto" at Columbia University in February 1913. Discuss the main points of that lecture indicating how Watson proposed to reform the science of psychology.

The label "behaviorist manifesto" refers to

Neobehaviorism is a label used to describe American psychology in what time period?

Skinner proposed to be able to control behavior by understanding how behavior was affected by

The psychologies of Thorndike, Pavlov, and Hull are described as stimulus - response or S-R psychologies. But Skinner's psychology is labeled an R-S psychology. Explain how and why Skinner's system is different.

Thorndike wrote that "Any act which in a given situation produces satisfaction becomes associated with that situation, so that when the situation recurs the act is more likely than before to recur as well." This statement is known as

Discuss the concept of reinforcement in the neobehavioral psychologies of Tolman, Hull, and Skinner.

For Hull, the mechanism for reinforcement was

Pre-Scientific Psychology

Physiology, Psychophysics, and the Science of Mind

Germany and the Birth of a New

Origins of Scientific Psychology in America

The Early Schools of American Psychology

The Birth of the New Applied Psychology in America

Psychoanalysis

The New Profession of Psychology

A Psychology of Social Action and Social Change

Cognitive Psychology

Filters