Question 1

Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.

Accepted Answer

A)  personality is defined solely by biological factors that cannot be observed 
B)  personality tests are unethical 
C)  personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual 
D)  personality is defined by responses to self-report questionnaires 
A)  personality is defined solely by biological factors that cannot be observed 
B)  personality tests are unethical 
C)  personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual 
D)  personality is defined by responses to self-report questionnaires

Question 2

If measurement errors are truly random,then they should ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  never occur 
B)  not affect the reliability of a measure 
C)  not attenuate the validity of a measure 
D)  sum to zero 
A)  never occur 
B)  not affect the reliability of a measure 
C)  not attenuate the validity of a measure 
D)  sum to zero

Question 3

________ data derive from the researcher's direct observation of what the subject does.

Accepted Answer

A)  L 
B)  I 
C)  S 
D)  B 
A)  L 
B)  I 
C)  S 
D)  B

Question 4

Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?

Accepted Answer

A)  alpha 
B)  Spearman-Brown 
C)  kappa 
D)  Kaiser-Guttman 
A)  alpha 
B)  Spearman-Brown 
C)  kappa 
D)  Kaiser-Guttman

Question 5

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
-An instrument actually reflects the construct of interest

Accepted Answer

A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision 
A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision

Question 6

What is generalizability? What are the facets of generalizability described in the book,and how does each one relate to the broad idea of generalizability?

Accepted Answer

Generalizability refers to the extent to

Question 7

According to the text,a ________ would receive technical training,whereas a ________ would receive scientific education.

Accepted Answer

A)  pharmacologist; pharmacist 
B)  physician; biologist 
C)  botanist; computer programmer 
D)  research psychologist; clinical psychologist 
A)  pharmacologist; pharmacist 
B)  physician; biologist 
C)  botanist; computer programmer 
D)  research psychologist; clinical psychologist

Question 8

What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?

Accepted Answer

A)  an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative 
B)  only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance's personality 
C)  the most recently observed typical behavior 
D)  behaviors that are observed every day 
A)  an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative 
B)  only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance's personality 
C)  the most recently observed typical behavior 
D)  behaviors that are observed every day

Question 9

The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white,middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalizability 
B)  reliability 
C)  validity 
D)  statistical significance 
A)  generalizability 
B)  reliability 
C)  validity 
D)  statistical significance

Question 10

Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is consistent and stable 
B)  provides the same result if repeated 
C)  actually reflects or measures what you think it does 
D)  is reliable 
A)  is consistent and stable 
B)  provides the same result if repeated 
C)  actually reflects or measures what you think it does 
D)  is reliable

Question 11

According to the text,which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?

Accepted Answer

A)  More women than men participate in research. 
B)  Participants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who do not show up. 
C)  Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts. 
D)  Much personality research is based on samples of college students. 
A)  More women than men participate in research. 
B)  Participants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who do not show up. 
C)  Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts. 
D)  Much personality research is based on samples of college students.

Question 12

A major disadvantage of L data is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  that they provide too much information 
B)  that informants may have access to only a narrow range of the target's behavior 
C)  that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality 
D)  that judges may be biased about the person they are describing 
A)  that they provide too much information 
B)  that informants may have access to only a narrow range of the target's behavior 
C)  that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality 
D)  that judges may be biased about the person they are describing

Question 13

The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________,whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  externally derived; internally derived 
B)  significant; important 
C)  manipulated; measured 
D)  reliable; valid 
A)  externally derived; internally derived 
B)  significant; important 
C)  manipulated; measured 
D)  reliable; valid

Question 14

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
-A result applies behind the context of the current study

Accepted Answer

A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision 
A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision

Question 15

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits.This is called the ________ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  fish-and-water 
B)  self-verification 
C)  self-expectancy 
D)  narcissism 
A)  fish-and-water 
B)  self-verification 
C)  self-expectancy 
D)  narcissism

Question 16

According to the text,accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________,whereas inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  biases; stereotypes 
B)  heuristic errors; formal errors 
C)  errors; biases 
D)  trivial; serious 
A)  biases; stereotypes 
B)  heuristic errors; formal errors 
C)  errors; biases 
D)  trivial; serious

Question 17

Match the most applicable type of data with each piece of information.
-A therapist's description of her client

Accepted Answer

A) B data 
B) L data 
C) I data 
D) S data 
E) T data
F)E data 
A) B data 
B) L data 
C) I data 
D) S data 
E) T data
F)E data

Question 18

What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

Accepted Answer

A)  S instruments 
B)  omnibus personality test batteries 
C)  objective tests 
D)  performance-based personality tests 
A)  S instruments 
B)  omnibus personality test batteries 
C)  objective tests 
D)  performance-based personality tests

Question 19

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
-A method or instrument that provides the same information repeatedly

Accepted Answer

A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision 
A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision

Question 20

Why would you recommend aggregation to a researcher interested in measuring shyness? Explain why aggregation improves the reliability of psychological assessments such as measures of shyness.

Accepted Answer

I would recommend aggregation to a resea

Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.

If measurement errors are truly random,then they should ________.

________ data derive from the researcher's direct observation of what the subject does.

Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -An instrument actually reflects the construct of interest

What is generalizability? What are the facets of generalizability described in the book,and how does each one relate to the broad idea of generalizability?

According to the text,a would receive technical training,whereas a would receive scientific education.

What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?

The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white,middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.

Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.

According to the text,which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?

A major disadvantage of L data is ________.

The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ,whereas in the correlational method the same variable is .

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -A result applies behind the context of the current study

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits.This is called the ________ effect.

According to the text,accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ,whereas inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered .

Match the most applicable type of data with each piece of information. -A therapist's description of her client

What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -A method or instrument that provides the same information repeatedly

Why would you recommend aggregation to a researcher interested in measuring shyness? Explain why aggregation improves the reliability of psychological assessments such as measures of shyness.

The Study of the Person

Assessment, Effect Size, and Ethics

Personality Traits,Situations,and Behavior

Personality Judgment

Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Experience,Existence,and the Meaning of Life: Humanistic and Positive Psychology

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and the Social Learning Theories

Personality Processes: Perception, Thought, Motivation, and Emotion

The Self: What You Know About You

Personality, Mental Health, and Physical Health

Epilogue: Looking Back and Looking Ahead

Filters

Exam 2: Personality Research Methods

Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.

If measurement errors are truly random,then they should ________.

________ data derive from the researcher's direct observation of what the subject does.

Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -An instrument actually reflects the construct of interest

What is generalizability? What are the facets of generalizability described in the book,and how does each one relate to the broad idea of generalizability?

According to the text,a ________ would receive technical training,whereas a ________ would receive scientific education.

What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?

The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white,middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.

Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.

According to the text,which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?

A major disadvantage of L data is ________.

The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________,whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________.

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -A result applies behind the context of the current study

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits.This is called the ________ effect.

According to the text,accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________,whereas inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________.

Match the most applicable type of data with each piece of information. -A therapist's description of her client

What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -A method or instrument that provides the same information repeatedly

Why would you recommend aggregation to a researcher interested in measuring shyness? Explain why aggregation improves the reliability of psychological assessments such as measures of shyness.

The Study of the Person

Assessment, Effect Size, and Ethics

Personality Traits,Situations,and Behavior

Personality Judgment

Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Experience,Existence,and the Meaning of Life: Humanistic and Positive Psychology

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and the Social Learning Theories

Personality Processes: Perception, Thought, Motivation, and Emotion

The Self: What You Know About You

Personality, Mental Health, and Physical Health

Epilogue: Looking Back and Looking Ahead

Filters

According to the text,a would receive technical training,whereas a would receive scientific education.

The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ,whereas in the correlational method the same variable is .

According to the text,accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ,whereas inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered .