Exam 9: Kinship, Family, and Marriage

Anthropologist E.E.Evans-Pritchard conducted ethnographic research with Nuer people of southern Sudan in the 1930s and argued that this group of people constituted a patrilineal descent group.What does it mean to be a patrilineal descent group and how does this differ from a matrilineal descent group? How were cattle used to reflect the patrilineal nature of Nuer descent? Provide at least two examples.

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Question 1

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Students should provide a sufficient definition of patrilineal descent and effectively contrast it with matrilineal descent.They must also mention that cattle were the center of Nuer economic life and that they were typically owned by men yet milked by women and young boys.Students should also note that a successful Nuer marriage proposal commonly required the groom to provide cattle to the bride's family as bridewealth in exchange for the bride.

Bridewealth is still prevalent in many African societies and frequently means that the groom's family gives cattle (and sometimes other goods)to the family of the bride-to-be.Part of the desired effect in such an act is to help

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Question 2

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How families are conceptualized and formed varies across cultural groups.Define and describe the ways in which a family of orientation and a family of procreation differ.How does the concept of a nuclear family fit into these two concepts of family? Why is the concept of a nuclear family more common in the United States and other Western industrialized cultures and societies? What are some examples of other concepts of family found in other cultures throughout the world? What may be some underlying factors that contribute to the diverse ways in which family is conceptualized and formed? How do you think the concept of family may change in the future,and why?

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Question 3

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Students should proficiently distinguish between family of orientation and of procreation.They should argue that a nuclear family may be present in both forms,but is not necessarily the norm across cultures.Students should provide a sufficient argument for why nuclear families are more common in the United States,citing economic factors as a primary contributor to the increase in emphasis on nuclear families in the United States since World War II.They may include extended families and fictive extended kin (e.g. ,adoptees,foster relatives,and so on)as examples of other concepts of family around the world.Students should address social,economic,and political factors as contributing to the diverse conceptualization and formation of families across cultures.They should conclude with a stance on whether or not the concept of family will change in the future,offering a sound reason for their stances.

Early anthropologists assumed descent groups would be key to understanding each culture's economic,political,and religious dynamics in large part because

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Question 4

Comparing and contrasting marriage rates of the past with those of the present,anthropologists found that earlier marriages did not last any longer than marriages today.What are some of the reasons for this? If past and present marriage rates do not differ significantly,do the proportion of children raised in single-parent households differ between past and present? Why or why not? How might shorter marriages and single-parent households affect kinship within a society? What other elements may contribute to shorter marriages and single-parent households today,and how do they differ from elements that likely contributed to shorter marriages and single-parent households in the past? Why would anthropologists be interested in researching topics such as shorter marriages and single-parent households?

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Question 5

Many of us make a regular pilgrimage home for the Thanksgiving dinner and are surrounded by members of our immediate families.Our families exist not as a result of the meal,but by marriage.On the Malaysian island of Langkawi,the same act of gathering together to share a meal cooked at home actually helps create the family.This is a type of

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Question 6

In 2004,the American Anthropological Association (AAA)-the largest association of anthropologists in the United States-issued a statement regarding same-sex marriages and the Defense of Marriage Act passed by the U.S.Congress in 2004.What position did the AAA take on same-sex marriages and the act? What sort of research or evidence did the AAA use to substantiate its stance? In your opinion,why did the AAA take the position that it did,and what are the benefits and drawbacks of it taking this stance? Do you think that professional associations such as the AAA should make formal position statements regarding congressional acts? Why or why not?

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Question 7

The incest taboo-rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents-is

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Question 8

The most effective strategy humans have developed to form stable,reliable,separate,and deeply connected groups that can last over time and through generations is kinship,creating a system of both

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Question 9

Susan Kahn's research in Israel examined the deep interconnectedness of reproduction kinship,Jewishness,religion,and the state itself.Israel strongly promotes the birth of new children and even subsidizes reproductive technologies in an effort to increase the birth rate.What are some of the challenges in the use of reproductive technologies in this instance? How is the state's so-called stake in the child changed with the use of reproductive technologies? The idea of citizenship can be a valued prize because of the benefits that can flow from such membership.Jewishness is a matrilineal characteristic.What are the consequences of a non-Jewish individual assisting in the reproduction of a child who may be conferred Israeli citizenship at birth? Are these consequences different for the mother or father? Why is the idea of the state and state identity so closely tied to this problem?

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Question 10

Anthropologists in the early twentieth century believed that kinship structures would yield crucial data and patterns that facilitated the ________ cultures.

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Question 11

A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?

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Question 12

Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father?

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Question 13

The common result of human bonding such as marriage results in the continuation of the preexisting kinship group.This can continue for a long time and result in a descent group.However,humans also create new descent groups through the creation of ________ relationships.

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Question 14

One of the major shifts in marriage patterns,both in the United States and in many other countries,is the ability of same-sex partners to marry.Those who do so and also choose to have children will undoubtedly gain from

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Question 15

Many different kinship structures send a son away (or search outside their immediate kin groups)for a marriage partner.This reflects the rule of

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Question 16

Within a family structure,we learn how to treat our kin,how to behave in larger groups,and how to accept differences in age.This enculturation process also gives us tools to understand

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Question 17

The statement issued in 2004 by the American Anthropological Association noted that a "vast array of family types" all contributed to "stable and humane societies." The statement was issued to offer support for

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Question 18

New kinship groups created through affinal relationships are

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Question 19

In some parts of the world,one individual marries a single other individual and upon dissolution of the marriage is free to remarry.This is considered a form of

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Question 20

Showing 1 - 20 of 72

Bridewealth is still prevalent in many African societies and frequently means that the groom's family gives cattle (and sometimes other goods)to the family of the bride-to-be.Part of the desired effect in such an act is to help

Early anthropologists assumed descent groups would be key to understanding each culture's economic,political,and religious dynamics in large part because

The incest taboo-rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents-is

The most effective strategy humans have developed to form stable,reliable,separate,and deeply connected groups that can last over time and through generations is kinship,creating a system of both

Anthropologists in the early twentieth century believed that kinship structures would yield crucial data and patterns that facilitated the ________ cultures.

A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?

Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father?

The common result of human bonding such as marriage results in the continuation of the preexisting kinship group.This can continue for a long time and result in a descent group.However,humans also create new descent groups through the creation of ________ relationships.

One of the major shifts in marriage patterns,both in the United States and in many other countries,is the ability of same-sex partners to marry.Those who do so and also choose to have children will undoubtedly gain from

Many different kinship structures send a son away (or search outside their immediate kin groups)for a marriage partner.This reflects the rule of

Within a family structure,we learn how to treat our kin,how to behave in larger groups,and how to accept differences in age.This enculturation process also gives us tools to understand

The statement issued in 2004 by the American Anthropological Association noted that a "vast array of family types" all contributed to "stable and humane societies." The statement was issued to offer support for

New kinship groups created through affinal relationships are

In some parts of the world,one individual marries a single other individual and upon dissolution of the marriage is free to remarry.This is considered a form of

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