Question 1

What is meant by belongingness in instrumental conditioning? How does belongingness contribute to animal
"misbehavior" in learning situations?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is meant by belongingness in instrumental...

Question 2

Rats in a box were reinforced for rearing behavior.One group received a food pellet 60 seconds following each rear.For another group, each rear was followed immediately by a tone, and then 60 seconds after the rearing, a food pellet was delivered.What do you think happened?

Accepted Answer

A) The tone group's learning was disrupted in comparison to the non­tone group's learning. 
B) The tone group's learning was facilitated in comparison to the non­tone group's learning. 
C) Both groups showed rapid and relatively equal acquisition of rearing behaviors. 
D) Neither group learned rearing behavior, because of the time delay. 
A) The tone group's learning was disrupted in comparison to the non­tone group's learning. 
B) The tone group's learning was facilitated in comparison to the non­tone group's learning. 
C) Both groups showed rapid and relatively equal acquisition of rearing behaviors. 
D) Neither group learned rearing behavior, because of the time delay.

Question 3

In some instances, removing a stimulus after some response decreases the occurrence of that response.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) omission training. 
D) punishment. 
A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) omission training. 
D) punishment.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of an operant response?

Accepted Answer

A) Response speed determines outcome. 
B) Pushing a lever with a paw and pushing a lever with the snout are equivalent. 
C) Licking a water spout and pushing a response lever are equivalent. 
D) Licking a water spout and chewing a food pellet are equivalent. 
A) Response speed determines outcome. 
B) Pushing a lever with a paw and pushing a lever with the snout are equivalent. 
C) Licking a water spout and pushing a response lever are equivalent. 
D) Licking a water spout and chewing a food pellet are equivalent.

Question 5

Jeff always wears red socks on test days because he believes they allow him to earn good grades.Skinner would attribute this behavior to

Accepted Answer

A) a positive response-reinforcer contingency. 
B) adventitious reinforcement. 
C) interim reinforcement. 
D) terminal reinforcement. 
A) a positive response-reinforcer contingency. 
B) adventitious reinforcement. 
C) interim reinforcement. 
D) terminal reinforcement.

Question 6

How can one measure instrumental behaviors? What are the indicators that learning is taking place?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How can one measure instrumental behaviors? What...

Question 7

Shaping depends on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) the variability of behavior 
B) nonreinforcement of the target response 
C) continued reinforcement of early response forms 
D) delivering the reinforcer only for responses that exceed any previous response 
A) the variability of behavior 
B) nonreinforcement of the target response 
C) continued reinforcement of early response forms 
D) delivering the reinforcer only for responses that exceed any previous response

Question 8

With some difficulty, a raccoon was trained to place a single coin in a piggy bank, but when the trainer attempted to train the raccoon to place two coins in the bank, the raccoon rubbed the coins together for minutes on end, and would not drop the coins.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) instinctive drift. 
B) stereotypy. 
C) sensitization. 
D) differential variability. 
A) instinctive drift. 
B) stereotypy. 
C) sensitization. 
D) differential variability.

Question 9

An important aspect of instrumental conditioning is that

Accepted Answer

A) there are no limitations on the types of new response dimensions that may be modified by instrumental conditioning. 
B) there are no limitations on the types of new behavioral units that may be modified by instrumental conditioning. 
C) relevance relations occur in instrumental conditioning. 
D) the type of behavior that develops does not depend on reinforcer characteristics. 
A) there are no limitations on the types of new response dimensions that may be modified by instrumental conditioning. 
B) there are no limitations on the types of new behavioral units that may be modified by instrumental conditioning. 
C) relevance relations occur in instrumental conditioning. 
D) the type of behavior that develops does not depend on reinforcer characteristics.

Question 10

The frog jumping contest is fast approaching.Your jumper has a maximum leap of 5 feet, far less than needed for a win.In order to train your frog to jump farther, you should begin by giving it a fly when it jumps .

Accepted Answer

A) any distance 
B) 4'11" 
C) 5'1" 
D) 5' 
A) any distance 
B) 4'11" 
C) 5'1" 
D) 5'

Question 11

The elevated responding for a favorable reward resulting from experience with a less attractive outcome is called

Accepted Answer

A) proactive belongingness. 
B) positive contrast. 
C) negative contrast. 
D) retroactive belongingness. 
A) proactive belongingness. 
B) positive contrast. 
C) negative contrast. 
D) retroactive belongingness.

Question 12

Which of the following is not true about behavioral variability?

Accepted Answer

A) Reinforcement inevitably decreases behavioral variability. 
B) Behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement. 
C) Reinforcement can increase or decrease originality. 
D) Pigeons will generate novel pecking patterns if novelty is reinforced. 
A) Reinforcement inevitably decreases behavioral variability. 
B) Behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement. 
C) Reinforcement can increase or decrease originality. 
D) Pigeons will generate novel pecking patterns if novelty is reinforced.

Question 13

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) money 
B) food 
C) shelter 
D) saccharin 
A) money 
B) food 
C) shelter 
D) saccharin

Question 14

Which of the following would most likely be used in a discrete trial procedure?

Accepted Answer

A) licking water from a tube to gain access to food 
B) pressing a lever to gain access to food 
C) running down a runway to gain access to food 
D) pushing a rod to gain access to food 
A) licking water from a tube to gain access to food 
B) pressing a lever to gain access to food 
C) running down a runway to gain access to food 
D) pushing a rod to gain access to food

Question 15

Compare and contrast free-operant and discrete-trial methods for the study of instrumental behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast free-operant and discrete-trial methods...

Question 16

In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns, researchers determined that

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement increases stereotypy. 
B) behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement. 
C) reinforcement decreases intrinsic motivation. 
D) reinforcement decreases originality. 
A) reinforcement increases stereotypy. 
B) behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement. 
C) reinforcement decreases intrinsic motivation. 
D) reinforcement decreases originality.

Question 17

Two groups of rats were trained to navigate a runway for food.One group earned a single food pellet, the other received three pellets.What will happen when they are both shifted to a situation in which they earn the alternative reward?

Accepted Answer

A) Rats that initially received the small reward will run faster for the larger reward than the rats that initially received the large reward did. 
B) Rats that initially received the large reward will run faster for the small reward than the rats that initially received the small reward did. 
C) Rats that initially received the small reward will run more slowly for the large reward than the rats that initially received the large reward did. 
D) The two groups will now run at approximately the same speed. 
A) Rats that initially received the small reward will run faster for the larger reward than the rats that initially received the large reward did. 
B) Rats that initially received the large reward will run faster for the small reward than the rats that initially received the small reward did. 
C) Rats that initially received the small reward will run more slowly for the large reward than the rats that initially received the large reward did. 
D) The two groups will now run at approximately the same speed.

Question 18

The cats in Thorndike's puzzle boxes were able to escape more quickly over successive trials.Thorndike interpreted this performance change to reflect

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus-outcome learning. 
B) stimulus-stimulus learning. 
C) stimulus-response learning. 
D) response-outcome learning. 
A) stimulus-outcome learning. 
B) stimulus-stimulus learning. 
C) stimulus-response learning. 
D) response-outcome learning.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of the nature of the instrumental reinforcer in conditioning procedures?

Accepted Answer

A) The quality of the reinforcer is important, but not the quantity. 
B) The quantity of the reinforcer is important, but not the quality. 
C) Neither the quality nor quantity of the reinforcer is important. 
D) Both the quality and quantity of the reinforcer are important. 
A) The quality of the reinforcer is important, but not the quantity. 
B) The quantity of the reinforcer is important, but not the quality. 
C) Neither the quality nor quantity of the reinforcer is important. 
D) Both the quality and quantity of the reinforcer are important.

Question 20

Thorndike determined that with extensive training, cats will open their mouths in order to gain release from a puzzle box, but will not give a bona fide yawn.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) proactive interference. 
B) belongingness. 
C) retroactive interference. 
D) stereotypy. 
A) proactive interference. 
B) belongingness. 
C) retroactive interference. 
D) stereotypy.

What is meant by belongingness in instrumental conditioning? How does belongingness contribute to animal "misbehavior" in learning situations?

Rats in a box were reinforced for rearing behavior.One group received a food pellet 60 seconds following each rear.For another group, each rear was followed immediately by a tone, and then 60 seconds after the rearing, a food pellet was delivered.What do you think happened?

In some instances, removing a stimulus after some response decreases the occurrence of that response.This is an example of

Which of the following is true of an operant response?

Jeff always wears red socks on test days because he believes they allow him to earn good grades.Skinner would attribute this behavior to

How can one measure instrumental behaviors? What are the indicators that learning is taking place?

Shaping depends on which of the following?

With some difficulty, a raccoon was trained to place a single coin in a piggy bank, but when the trainer attempted to train the raccoon to place two coins in the bank, the raccoon rubbed the coins together for minutes on end, and would not drop the coins.This is an example of

An important aspect of instrumental conditioning is that

The frog jumping contest is fast approaching.Your jumper has a maximum leap of 5 feet, far less than needed for a win.In order to train your frog to jump farther, you should begin by giving it a fly when it jumps .

The elevated responding for a favorable reward resulting from experience with a less attractive outcome is called

Which of the following is not true about behavioral variability?

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?

Which of the following would most likely be used in a discrete trial procedure?

Compare and contrast free-operant and discrete-trial methods for the study of instrumental behavior.

In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns, researchers determined that

Two groups of rats were trained to navigate a runway for food.One group earned a single food pellet, the other received three pellets.What will happen when they are both shifted to a situation in which they earn the alternative reward?

The cats in Thorndike's puzzle boxes were able to escape more quickly over successive trials.Thorndike interpreted this performance change to reflect

Which of the following is true of the nature of the instrumental reinforcer in conditioning procedures?

Thorndike determined that with extensive training, cats will open their mouths in order to gain release from a puzzle box, but will not give a bona fide yawn.This is an example of

Introduction

Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior

Instrumental Conditioning

Stimulus Control of Behavior

Extinction of Conditioned Behavior

Averse Control

Comparative Cognition I

Comparative Cognition Ii

Filters

Exam 5: Instrumental Conditioning

What is meant by belongingness in instrumental conditioning? How does belongingness contribute to animal "misbehavior" in learning situations?

Rats in a box were reinforced for rearing behavior.One group received a food pellet 60 seconds following each rear.For another group, each rear was followed immediately by a tone, and then 60 seconds after the rearing, a food pellet was delivered.What do you think happened?

In some instances, removing a stimulus after some response decreases the occurrence of that response.This is an example of

Which of the following is true of an operant response?

Jeff always wears red socks on test days because he believes they allow him to earn good grades.Skinner would attribute this behavior to

How can one measure instrumental behaviors? What are the indicators that learning is taking place?

Shaping depends on which of the following?

With some difficulty, a raccoon was trained to place a single coin in a piggy bank, but when the trainer attempted to train the raccoon to place two coins in the bank, the raccoon rubbed the coins together for minutes on end, and would not drop the coins.This is an example of

An important aspect of instrumental conditioning is that

The frog jumping contest is fast approaching.Your jumper has a maximum leap of 5 feet, far less than needed for a win.In order to train your frog to jump farther, you should begin by giving it a fly when it jumps .

The elevated responding for a favorable reward resulting from experience with a less attractive outcome is called

Which of the following is not true about behavioral variability?

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?

Which of the following would most likely be used in a discrete trial procedure?

Compare and contrast free-operant and discrete-trial methods for the study of instrumental behavior.

In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns, researchers determined that

Two groups of rats were trained to navigate a runway for food.One group earned a single food pellet, the other received three pellets.What will happen when they are both shifted to a situation in which they earn the alternative reward?

The cats in Thorndike's puzzle boxes were able to escape more quickly over successive trials.Thorndike interpreted this performance change to reflect

Which of the following is true of the nature of the instrumental reinforcer in conditioning procedures?

Thorndike determined that with extensive training, cats will open their mouths in order to gain release from a puzzle box, but will not give a bona fide yawn.This is an example of

Introduction

Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior

Instrumental Conditioning

Stimulus Control of Behavior

Extinction of Conditioned Behavior

Averse Control

Comparative Cognition I

Comparative Cognition Ii

Filters