Exam 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood

What is the difference between instrumental, hostile, and relational aggression? Give an example of each type of aggression. Also, who are most likely to be victimized by such bullies?

When Ki-Jana asks his parents if he can buy a car, his parents say no but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style best describes Ki-Jana's parents?

According to the theory of Robert Selman, in the ________ stage of perspective taking, usually seen between the ages of four and nine years, children know that perspectives differ because people have access to different information.

With regard to the level of parental control that is asserted over children, research finds that a(n) ________ amount of control is best for children.

Which of the following is the BEST summary of the "negative reinforcement trap?"

Sexual abuse and physical abuse, together, constitute

________ parenting is to children who have low self-esteem and tend to be overly aggressive, as ________ parenting is to children who are self-reliant, friendly, and responsible.

Use your own school experiences to provide examples of school-based cliques and crowds and the concept of dominance hierarchy. If you cannot think of a specific instance, make one up.

________ is often regarded as an irresistible harmful force, but research has found that it can have positive consequences as well.

Several personal characteristics in a child seem to lead to an increased likelihood that the child will be victimized by peers. Which of the following is NOT one of those qualities?

Kanza and Ranna are classmates whose parents are both originally from Iran but who moved to the United States before the kids were born. They are very good friends, spend a lot of time together at school, and often get together to socialize on weekends. One day a new student joins their class, and Kanza immediately sends a note to Ranna saying, "Look at that new white girl. I bet she isn't going to want to play with us!" Kanza's assumptions about the new classmate based strictly on her skin color demonstrate

Billy is liked by many of his classmates. He has a lot of friends, and no real 'enemies.' Even the kids with whom he does not share a close friendship generally find him pleasant and enjoy being around him. Billy would be described as a(n) ________ child.

A voluntary, mutual relationship that involves liking is called a(n) ________.

In many developing nations, children-particularly girls-play an important role in providing care for their younger siblings.

When Jonathon's son, Graham, misbehaves in the grocery store, Jonathon firmly scolds him and tells him, "If you do not start behaving, I will put back the cookies that you asked for." Jonathon is using a type of feedback called negative reinforcement with his son.

As a "neglected" child, you would expect Juno to be _____ by her peers.

Israel's parents have been taking him to different places in the neighborhood lately-the temple, the Jewish Community Center, and the local B'nai B'rith headquarters. They are hoping that he will really embrace his own religious background and culture, as his older siblings have. This process of teaching a child the values, roles, and behaviors of a culture is called ________.

What are the two dimensions that are used to differentiate different parenting styles? Describe each of the parenting styles by differentiating both of these dimensions. Which style seems to promote the best development in children? Explain.

Jordan sometimes watches his parents play Angry Birds on their computer, and sometimes they give an exasperated, "Oh, MAN!" when they fail to get a better score. After he is allowed to play on the computer, he is playing a children's game one afternoon and when he fails to capture enough gold stars, he slaps his forehead and yells, "Oh, MAN!" Clearly Jordan has learned this behavior through

Helen is upset because she thinks that her teacher views her argument with Mary as being silly. According to Selman, Helen is most likely in the ____ stage of perspective-taking.