Question 1

Single-subject designs ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) can be used with small groups of participants 
B) ​cannot establish unambiguous causality 
C) do not allow for manipulation of an independent variable 
D) ​have, historically, mostly arisen to evaluate behavioral hypotheses 
A) can be used with small groups of participants 
B) ​cannot establish unambiguous causality 
C) do not allow for manipulation of an independent variable 
D) ​have, historically, mostly arisen to evaluate behavioral hypotheses

Question 2

Single-subject research (compared to group designs)cannot demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship with only one participant.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

A multiple-baseline across behaviors design consists of ____ baseline phase(s)and ____ treatment phase(s)for each behavior.​

Accepted Answer

A) ​one;one 
B) ​one;two 
C) two;one 
D) ​two;two 
A) ​one;one 
B) ​one;two 
C) two;one 
D) ​two;two

Question 4

The advantage of an ABAB design versus a simple AB phase‑change design is that the ABAB design ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) ​can be used when a treatment has a permanent or long‑lasting effect 
B) ​does not require a stable baseline phase 
C) reduces the probability that the result is just chance or coincidence 
D) ​can be used even if the treatment effect is temporary 
A) ​can be used when a treatment has a permanent or long‑lasting effect 
B) ​does not require a stable baseline phase 
C) reduces the probability that the result is just chance or coincidence 
D) ​can be used even if the treatment effect is temporary

Question 5

Typically,the results from a single-subject research study are evaluated using ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) ​descriptive statistics such as the mean and standard deviation 
B) ​inferential statistics such as a hypothesis test 
C) visual inspection of a graph 
D) ​consensus among at least three researchers 
A) ​descriptive statistics such as the mean and standard deviation 
B) ​inferential statistics such as a hypothesis test 
C) visual inspection of a graph 
D) ​consensus among at least three researchers

Question 6

In a graph of the results from multiple-baseline design using two participants,which feature justifies a conclusion that the treatment causes changes in behavior?​

Accepted Answer

A) ​the size of the change in behavior each time the treatment is introduced 
B) ​the time delay between the introduction of the treatment and the first change in behavior for each participant 
C) the return to baseline behavior when the treatment is withdrawn for both participants 
D) ​demonstrating that the same change in behavior occurs when the treatment is introduced at different times for the participants 
A) ​the size of the change in behavior each time the treatment is introduced 
B) ​the time delay between the introduction of the treatment and the first change in behavior for each participant 
C) the return to baseline behavior when the treatment is withdrawn for both participants 
D) ​demonstrating that the same change in behavior occurs when the treatment is introduced at different times for the participants

Question 7

At what point is a phase change appropriate?​

Accepted Answer

A) ​after five or six observations in the current phase 
B) ​when the participant begins to show an unstable pattern of behavior 
C) when the participant shows the first response to the treatment 
D) ​when the participant shows a clear and stable pattern of behavior 
A) ​after five or six observations in the current phase 
B) ​when the participant begins to show an unstable pattern of behavior 
C) when the participant shows the first response to the treatment 
D) ​when the participant shows a clear and stable pattern of behavior

Question 8

In a multiple-baseline design,two different baseline phases ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) ​are started simultaneously but ended at different times 
B) ​are started at different times but ended simultaneously 
C) are started at the same time and ended at the same time 
D) ​can be started and ended at completely different times 
A) ​are started simultaneously but ended at different times 
B) ​are started at different times but ended simultaneously 
C) are started at the same time and ended at the same time 
D) ​can be started and ended at completely different times

Question 9

In a multiple-baseline design,there is only one phase change,from baseline to treatment.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

For an alternating-treatments design it is essential that,for both treatments,the effect ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) ​is immediate and long lasting 
B) ​is immediate but temporary 
C) builds gradually over time and is long lasting 
D) ​builds gradually over time and is temporary 
A) ​is immediate and long lasting 
B) ​is immediate but temporary 
C) builds gradually over time and is long lasting 
D) ​builds gradually over time and is temporary

Question 11

When the observations in the initial baseline phase show a trend in the direction of improved behavior,the researcher should ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) ​administer the treatment immediately 
B)  ​.manipulate the environment until the change stops 
C) increase the intensity of the treatment 
D) ​do nothing but continue to observe 
A) ​administer the treatment immediately 
B)  ​.manipulate the environment until the change stops 
C) increase the intensity of the treatment 
D) ​do nothing but continue to observe

Question 12

Describe the purpose of a phase within a single-case experiment and the ways to define a pattern within a phase.

Accepted Answer

The purpose of a phase within a single-s

Question 13

In a single-subject phase change study,it does not matter how long it takes for behavior to change after a phase change as long as there eventually is a large change in behavior.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

In order to use a single-subject design to see whether a treatment caused a change in behavior,a researcher would need to ____​

Accepted Answer

A) ​​make a series of observations over time 
B) ​provide a detailed description of a single individual 
C) evaluate data sets with traditional tests 
D) ​identify another, similar individual, who receives no treatment 
A) ​​make a series of observations over time 
B) ​provide a detailed description of a single individual 
C) evaluate data sets with traditional tests 
D) ​identify another, similar individual, who receives no treatment

Question 15

During a one-hour session,a therapist switches back and forth between periods of personal comments aimed directly at the patient (e.g.,You seem to be quite happy today.)and periods of impersonal comments (e.g.,Happiness often is associated with sunny weather.).The therapist records how many self-revealing statements the patient makes during each period to see if there are any consistent differences.The researcher is using a(n)____.​

Accepted Answer

A) ​ABAB design 
B) ​multiple-baseline design 
C) alternating-treatments design 
D) ​changing-criterion design 
A) ​ABAB design 
B) ​multiple-baseline design 
C) alternating-treatments design 
D) ​changing-criterion design

Question 16

Behavior that shows a consistent increase from one observation to the next during a baseline phase is an example of unstable behavior.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The optimal length of a phase is three observations.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

If a clinician wanted to determine whether a specific treatment causes a change in a client's behavior,a single-subject design could be used.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The main difference between a multiple-baseline design and an ABAB design is the ABAB design ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​is used when the treatment has a permanent or long‑lasting effect 
B) ​is used when the treatment has an immediate but temporary effect 
C) does not require a stable baseline phase 
D) ​reduces the probability that the result is just chance or coincidence 
A) ​is used when the treatment has a permanent or long‑lasting effect 
B) ​is used when the treatment has an immediate but temporary effect 
C) does not require a stable baseline phase 
D) ​reduces the probability that the result is just chance or coincidence

Question 20

A multiple-baseline design requires two groups of participants.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Single-subject designs ____.

Single-subject research (compared to group designs)cannot demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship with only one participant.

A multiple-baseline across behaviors design consists of baseline phase(s)and treatment phase(s)for each behavior.

The advantage of an ABAB design versus a simple AB phase‑change design is that the ABAB design ____.

Typically,the results from a single-subject research study are evaluated using ____.

In a graph of the results from multiple-baseline design using two participants,which feature justifies a conclusion that the treatment causes changes in behavior?

At what point is a phase change appropriate?

In a multiple-baseline design,two different baseline phases ____.

In a multiple-baseline design,there is only one phase change,from baseline to treatment.

For an alternating-treatments design it is essential that,for both treatments,the effect ____.

When the observations in the initial baseline phase show a trend in the direction of improved behavior,the researcher should ____.

Describe the purpose of a phase within a single-case experiment and the ways to define a pattern within a phase.

In a single-subject phase change study,it does not matter how long it takes for behavior to change after a phase change as long as there eventually is a large change in behavior.

In order to use a single-subject design to see whether a treatment caused a change in behavior,a researcher would need to ____

Behavior that shows a consistent increase from one observation to the next during a baseline phase is an example of unstable behavior.

The optimal length of a phase is three observations.

If a clinician wanted to determine whether a specific treatment causes a change in a client's behavior,a single-subject design could be used.

The main difference between a multiple-baseline design and an ABAB design is the ABAB design ____.

A multiple-baseline design requires two groups of participants.

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method.

Research Ideas and Hypotheses.

Defining and Measuring Variables.

Ethics in Research.

Selecting Research Participants.

Research Strategies and Validity.

The Experimental Research Strategy.

Experimental Designs: Between Subjects Design.

Experimental Designs Within Subjects Design.

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group,Pre–Post,and Developmental Designs.

Factorial Designs.

The Correlational Research Strategy.

The Descriptive Research Strategy.

Statistical Evaluation of Data.

Writing an APA-Style Research Report.

Filters

Exam 14: Single-Subject Research Designs.

Single-subject designs ____.​

Single-subject research (compared to group designs)cannot demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship with only one participant.​

A multiple-baseline across behaviors design consists of ____ baseline phase(s)and ____ treatment phase(s)for each behavior.​

The advantage of an ABAB design versus a simple AB phase‑change design is that the ABAB design ____.​

Typically,the results from a single-subject research study are evaluated using ____.​

In a graph of the results from multiple-baseline design using two participants,which feature justifies a conclusion that the treatment causes changes in behavior?​

At what point is a phase change appropriate?​

In a multiple-baseline design,two different baseline phases ____.​

In a multiple-baseline design,there is only one phase change,from baseline to treatment.​

For an alternating-treatments design it is essential that,for both treatments,the effect ____.​

When the observations in the initial baseline phase show a trend in the direction of improved behavior,the researcher should ____.​

Describe the purpose of a phase within a single-case experiment and the ways to define a pattern within a phase.

In a single-subject phase change study,it does not matter how long it takes for behavior to change after a phase change as long as there eventually is a large change in behavior.​

In order to use a single-subject design to see whether a treatment caused a change in behavior,a researcher would need to ____​

Behavior that shows a consistent increase from one observation to the next during a baseline phase is an example of unstable behavior.​

The optimal length of a phase is three observations.​

If a clinician wanted to determine whether a specific treatment causes a change in a client's behavior,a single-subject design could be used.​

The main difference between a multiple-baseline design and an ABAB design is the ABAB design ____.

A multiple-baseline design requires two groups of participants.​

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method.

Research Ideas and Hypotheses.

Defining and Measuring Variables.

Ethics in Research.

Selecting Research Participants.

Research Strategies and Validity.

The Experimental Research Strategy.

Experimental Designs: Between Subjects Design.

Experimental Designs Within Subjects Design.

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group,Pre–Post,and Developmental Designs.

Factorial Designs.

The Correlational Research Strategy.

The Descriptive Research Strategy.

Statistical Evaluation of Data.

Writing an APA-Style Research Report.

Filters

Single-subject designs ____.

Single-subject research (compared to group designs)cannot demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship with only one participant.

A multiple-baseline across behaviors design consists of baseline phase(s)and treatment phase(s)for each behavior.

The advantage of an ABAB design versus a simple AB phase‑change design is that the ABAB design ____.

Typically,the results from a single-subject research study are evaluated using ____.

In a graph of the results from multiple-baseline design using two participants,which feature justifies a conclusion that the treatment causes changes in behavior?

At what point is a phase change appropriate?

In a multiple-baseline design,two different baseline phases ____.

In a multiple-baseline design,there is only one phase change,from baseline to treatment.

For an alternating-treatments design it is essential that,for both treatments,the effect ____.

When the observations in the initial baseline phase show a trend in the direction of improved behavior,the researcher should ____.

In a single-subject phase change study,it does not matter how long it takes for behavior to change after a phase change as long as there eventually is a large change in behavior.

In order to use a single-subject design to see whether a treatment caused a change in behavior,a researcher would need to ____

Behavior that shows a consistent increase from one observation to the next during a baseline phase is an example of unstable behavior.

The optimal length of a phase is three observations.

If a clinician wanted to determine whether a specific treatment causes a change in a client's behavior,a single-subject design could be used.

A multiple-baseline design requires two groups of participants.